Grammar unit 1 3V en 3H 1e les

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

GRAMMAR UNIT 1 -les 1 van 2

1. Present perfect vs present perfect continuous
2. Past simple vs past continuous (vs present perfect)
3. betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden who/whose/whom/which/that
4. comparisons
   

Vandaag concentreren we ons op....

Present perfect vs present perfect continuous

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betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden who/whose/whom/which/that

Sentences that illustrate the difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous (1):

I’ve been decorating the house this summer.
The focus is on the action taking place – decorating – 

and the action is unfinished.

I’ve painted the house blue. 
The focus is on the finished result. The activity is finished but we can see the result now.

Sentences that illustrate difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous (2):

It has been raining for days.

You emphasise the fact that something has been happening a lot recently.

We haven't talked to him since last Friday.

This action has started in the past and is still ongoing at present.

1. How long ....................................................................................... Julie? (you know)
2. I ............................................................................... all morning. I am tired. (work)
3. I ........................................................................ ten letters since morning. (write)
4. I ................................................................................... the report. (already receive)
5. Sorry about the mess. We ................................................... the walls. (paint)
6. This is the fifth time you ............................................... that question. (ask)
7. You ............................................................................ a dozen cookies today. (eat)
8. We .......................................................................... in this city for ten years. (live)
9. John ................................................................. his leg so he can’t walk. (break)
10. You look hot. What ................................................................................ ? (you do)
11. Help! I ................................................................................................. my purse. (lose)
12. ‘You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I .................................................................................... .’ (run)

1. How long have you known Julie?
2. I have been working all morning. I am tired.
3. I have written ten letters since morning.
4. I have already received the report.
5. Sorry about the mess. We have been painting the walls.
6. This is the fifth time you have asked that question.
7. You have eaten a dozen cookies today.
8. We have lived / have been living in this city for ten years.
9. John has broken his leg so he can’t walk.
10. You look hot. What have you been doing?
11. Help! I have lost my purse.
12. ‘You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I have been running.’

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What is a relative clause?

1. Het is een bekende van je
2. Dat hangt er van af, alles is relatief
3. Het is een bijzin
4. Ik heb geen idee!

What do you know about relative clauses?
What are the relative pronouns?

A relative clause is een bijzin

Mijn moeder, die alle dagen van de week werkt, is altijd moe

The thief who robbed an old lady was sent to jail.

Functie: Een betrekkelijke bijzin geeft extra informatie over iets of iemand.

(Welke dief? Degene die het oude vrouwtje beroofde)

Relative pronouns

• Verwijzen terug naar een eerder genoemd woord
  
• Verbinden twee zinsdelen aan elkaar

Martin played Tennis with Sophie, who was slightly injured.

relative pronoun

Noa sold her phone, which was old and damaged.

relative pronoun

Relative pronouns

Relative pronoun verwijst naar:

that

who

whose

which

where

persoon, dier, ding

persoon

bezit

dier, ding

plaats

Na een komma gebruik je nooit 'that'

We had spaghetti for dinner last night, .... is my favourite meal.

1. whom
2. whose
3. which
4. who

welke woorden horen bij personen?

1. who, whose and that
2. who and which
3. which and whom
4. where and who

The boy ………... cat has just died will stay at home today.

1. whom
2. which
3. whose
4. that

This is the woman .......
asked Tim for money yesterday.

1. who
2. which

Do you like the dog .....
is under the table?

1. Who
2. Which

This is the action film ...... I like so much!

1. Who
2. Which
3. That

Mag hier "that" ?
The only Bond film ... I like is Skyfall.

1. Wel
2. Geen

Mag hier "that" ?
Thom, .... is in my class, is 15 years old.

1. Wel
2. Geen

Defining relative clauses (betrekkeljke bijzin)

Defining relative clauses:  essential information

• In the middle or end of sentence
• No commas!

He is the doctor who helped my grandmother.

This is the airport where I lost my bag.

Non-defining relative clauses (uitbreidende betrekkeljke bijzin)

Non-defining relative clauses:  additional information

• In the middle or end of sentence
• Starts and ends with comma
• No use of that
  

The Times, which is published in London, is a daily newspaper.

The Times is a daily newspaper.

Relative pronouns

You can leave out relative pronouns if:

• it is a 'defining relative clause'
• the pronoun does NOT relate to the subject
  
• there is a pronoun behind it

The flowers which he gave me were beautiful.

Persoonlijk: ik, jij, hij, etc.

Bezittelijk: mijn, zijn, onze, etc.

Wederkerend: me, je, zich, etc.

The flowers he gave me were beautiful.

Relative pronouns

• Who together with preposition
  
• preposition mostly in the end.

• preposition can also be in the beginning of sentence: formal
• 'Who' changes to 'whom'

The officer, who Lee told his story to, was shocked.

The officer, to whom Leed told his story, was shocked.

Which RELATIVE pronoun fits in this sentence?
I want to read the book........you gave me.

1. which, that , who
2. which, that, X
3. who, whose, whom
4. which, that

Which RELATIVE pronoun fits in this sentence:
The officer, ....... John told his story to, was nice

1. who, that
2. who, that, X
3. who,
4. which, that

We had spaghetti, .... is my favourite meal, for dinner last night.

1. whom
2. whose
3. which
4. who

He is a famous architect ...
designs won an international award last year.

1. who
2. which
3. that
4. whose

This is Mary, ...
is taking over my job when I leave.

1. who
2. which
3. that
4. whose

The photocopier, ...
has a two-year guarantee, costs $2000.

1. who
2. which
3. that
4. whose

He is the consultant ...
advice I rely on.

1. whose
2. who
3. that
4. whom

The people ...
were stopped at the border were all from Eastern Europe.

1. whose
2. which
3. that
4. whom

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