Stepping Stones VWO 3 Theme 3 Grammar

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Theme 3

Law and order

Relative clause (betrekkelijke bijzin)

You use WHO for people.

The girl who won the lottery.

The US citizens who voted for Biden

Relative clause (betrekkelijke bijzin)

You use WHICH for animals and things. 

The dog which rescued the little boy.

The painting which had been stolen.

Relative clause (betrekkelijke bijzin)

You use THAT for people, animals and things.

The girl that won the lottery.

The dog that rescued the little boy.

The painting that had been stolen.

Relative clause 

You use WHOSE to indicate possession (possessive form of who)

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

The dog whose owner lives next door to us.

The house whose roof is thatched. 

WHO

WHOM

Who versus whom

You use WHO when the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause (oftewel: het onderwerp van de bijzin).

The old lady who lives next door to us.

You use WHOM when the relative pronoun is the object of the sentence ( ofte wel het lijdend voorwerp of meewerkend voorwerp van de bijzin).

The young lady with whom Peter fell in love is Australian.

The girl whom David married is called Emma.

WHOM

This is George, whom you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school. 

                -->  always use WHOM after a preposition!!!

Nowadays we normally use who:

This is George, who you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.

Quite formal!!

No commas

who, which, that

commas

who, which

Defining relative clause

We need the information in the relative clause to understand which person or thing we are talking about:

Dave has three brothers. The brother who/ that is 13 years old is called Tom.

The lady who/that lives next door is 89 years old.

The book which/ that you bought yesterday is a must-read.

1. No commas.

2. you can replace who or which by that

3. Leave out when there's another subject!

Another subject??

The girl who, that, X you saw yesterday.

The teaher who, that, X they met last week.

The dog which, that, X he saved from an aligator.

The house which, that, X he visited last Monday.

The people who, that, X they are speaking to right now.

Non-Defining relative clause

We do not need the information in the relative clause to understand which person or thing we are talking about. It's just extra information:

Dave's brother Tom, who fell off his bike this morning, is 13 years old.

Our neighbour Mrs Jones, who is 89 years old, has three cats and a dog.

This book, which you bought yesterday, is a must-read.

1. Commas!!!

2. Only who or which (NO that)!!

TESTING

Complete the sentences with relative pronouns and commas when necessary.

1.  Benjamin .....  is the youngest  child of the Turner family is 4 years old.

2.  The house ...... burned down yesterday evening was from the 17th century.

3.  I met Rebecca ..... I haven't seen in years in town yesterday.

4.  Ginny ....... dog went missing cried for hours.

5.  This fountain pen ...... I got from my mother is very dear to me.

6.  The problem ..... Jane told us about this morning will not be solved easily.

7.  The car .... windows were open was investigated by the police.

8.  The girl to ...... I am writing a letter lives in Tokyo.

TESTING

Complete the sentences with relative pronouns and commas when necessary.

1.  Benjamin , who  is the youngest child of the Turner family , is 4 years old.

2.  The house which/that burned down yesterday evening was from the 17th century.

3.  I met Rebecca , who/whom I haven't seen in years  , in town yesterday.

4.  Ginny , whose dog went missing ,  cried for hours.

5.  This fountain pen , which  I got from my mother  , is very dear to me.

6.  The problem which/that Jane told us about this morning will not be solved easily.

7.  The car whose windows were open was investigated by the police.

8. The girl to whom I am writing a letter lives in Tokyo.

More practice?

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/relative-pronouns.htm

Wanneer is een zin passief?

1. Er wordt momenteel een nieuw ziekenhuis gebouwd in Maastricht.

2. Het schilderij is gerestaureerd.

3. De hond blafte tegen de kat en werd vervolgens gekrabd.

4. Gelukkig is dat goed gegaan.

5. De leerlingen zijn onderwezen in Engels.

6. De leerlingen zijn goed in Engels.

7. De kerk was ontworpen door een beroemde architect.

8. Het wordt een gezellige middag.

How to use the passive voice?

Het wordt / ze worden gemaakt.                    It is / they are made

Het werd / ze werden gemaakt.                      It was / they were made

Het is / ze zijn gemaakt.                                      It has / they have been made

Het was / zij waren gemaakt.                            It / they had been made

+ modal

Het kan worden gemaakt.                                   It can be made

How to use the passive voice?

Het wordt / ze worden gemaakt.                    It is / they are made

Het werd / ze werden gemaakt.                      It was / they were made

Het is / ze zijn gemaakt.                                      It has / they have been made

Het was / zij waren gemaakt.                            It / they had been made

+ modal

Het kan worden gemaakt                                    It can be made

To be + Participle

present                  past                    present                   past

simple                    simple               perfect                    perfect                              Participle

I am                          was                    have been              had been                          photographed

You are                   were                  have been              had been                          admired

he/she/it is           was                    has been                had been                          bullied

we are                     were                  have been              had been                          trained

you are                   were                   have been             had been                          prepared 

they are                  were                  have been              had been                          beaten

worden                   werden              zijn                            waren                               voltooid deelwoord

How to go from active to passive?

From active to passive

Many people admired Diego Maradonna.                    Maradonna was admired by many people.

Banksy makes street art.                                                     Street art is made by Banksy.

Paris needs to restore the Notre Dame.                       The Notre Dame needs to be restored by Paris.

Rembrandt had painted De Nachtwacht.                    De Nachtwacht had been painted by Rembr.

Trump has fired Mark Esper.                                               Mark Esper has been fired by Trump.

Testing

1. Patrick has stolen some candy.
2. Columbus discovered America.
3. They destroy important habitats.
4. Her father allowed Kim to go out.
5. The police had arrested the burglar.
6. Benjamin tells beautiful stories.
   
7. The police couldn't capture Jack The Ripper.

Testing

1. Patrick has stolen some candy.              Some candy has been stolen by Patrick
2. Columbus discovered America.              America was discovered by Columbus
3. They destroy important habitats.            Important habitats are destroyed by them
4. Her father allowed Kim to go out.          Kim was allowed to go out by her father
5. The police had arrested the burglar.     The burglar had been arrested by the police.
6. Benjamin tells beautiful stories.             Beautiful stories are told by Benjamin.
   
7. The police couldn't capture Jack The Ripper.             Jack The Ripper couldn't be                                                                                                        captured by the police.          

More practice?

https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/passive-voice/pa016.htm

https://www.english-grammar.at/online_exercises/passive-voice/pa006-active-passive.htm

It takes two

When there are two people, animals or objects: both, either or neither.

Those paintings are both beautiful. Both paintings are beautiful.            (allebei, beide)

Who is my favourite painter? I can't choose between Rembrandt or Turner. So, either of them. (elk van beide)

There were trees on either side of the road. (elk van beide)

Neither team was able to win the game. (geen van beide)

Two or more 

When there are two or more people, animals or objects: all, each, every or none.

All the pupils had an A for English! They all had an A! (alle, allemaal)

Every pupil is accounted for. (ieder)

Every vote counts. (ieder)

Each/Every house in this street has a thached roof. (ieder per stuk/ geheel)

Those CDs are 20 euros each. (elk/per stuk)

None of the solutions really work.  (geen)

>

Testing

Choose from: all, both, each, every, either, neither, none.

1. ...... person went to see the doctor in turn.
2. I asked Tom and Joel, but ...... of them wanted to go out.
3. ....... girls can speak English really well.
4. ...... of my classmates knew the answer to the question.
5. They see each other ...... day.
6. I can choose ....... of those two films.
   
7. With this setting, ....... the pupils in the classroom can hear the teacher.

Testing

Choose from: all, both, each, every, either, neither, none.

1. Each person went to see the doctor in turn.
2. I asked Tom and Joel, but neither of them wanted to go out.
3. Both girls can speak English really well.
4. None of my classmates knew the answer to the question.
5. They see each other every day.
6. I can choose either of those two films.
   
7. With this setting, all the pupils in the classroom can hear the teacher.

More practice?

http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-english-exercises-indefinite-pronouns.html#.X86AQWhKhPY

https://agendaweb.org/grammar/neither-either-both-exercises.html