Grammar Unit 2 summary

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Grammar Unit 2

• Past simple vs Present perfect
• Negative sentences (don't/doesn't/can't etc.)
• Past Continuous ( Past Progressive)
• Indirect Speech ( Reported Speech)
• Past Perfect
• Adjectives & Comparisons (say something about a noun)
• Adverbs & Comparisons (say somehting about a verb/adjective/sentence)

Past Simple

FORM:

• 2nd column (irregular verbs) / verb + ed (regular verbs)
•  Questions: Did + hele ww. (e.g. Did you go there?)
• Negatives: Didn't + hele ww (e.g. I didn't go there)

USE:

• Finished action (WHEN is important and given)
  

      I played tennis in 1993.

• One specific event or a series of events finished in the past.
  

      I fell in love with Italy once.

     Yesterday I cleaned my room, threw away the garbage and 

     cooked dinner.

• Signal words: when, in 2000, last year, this morning, ago etc. (all indicating "when"/time is given & important)

 

Present Perfect

FORM:

• has (he/she/it) or have (I/you/we/they) + 3rd column (irregular verbs) / has or have + verb + ed (regular verbs)
• Questions: Has/Have + 3rd column/verb + ed (e.g. Have you already found my key? Has he looked outside his window?)
• Negatives: Hasn't/Haven't + 3rd column/ verb + ed (e.g. I haven't found it. He hasn't looked outside his window.)

USE:

• Action NOT finished, still going on (when is NOT important)
  

       I have eaten three sandwiches so far.

• Experience in general
  

      Have you ever eaten snails? I have never been to France.

• Recent action/explanation why something is now
  

       What has happened to her? She has broken her leg.

• Signal words: since, for, so far, still, yet, up till now, already, never, ever, always, recently, lately etc. (WB!)
  

Negative sentences 

Present Simple:

I/you/we/they work there -> I/you/we/they DON'T WORK there (don't + hele ww)

He/she/it works there -> He/she/it DOESN'T WORK there (doesn't + hele ww)

Auxiliaries (Hulpwerkwoorden):

can/could/shall/should/will/would/must/may/might/is/are/was/were/has + volt. dw / have + volt. dw -> won't/wouldn't etc.

Past Simple:

I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked there -> DIDN'T WORK there (didn't + hele ww)

Present Perfect:

he/she/it HAS DONE a great job -> HASN'T DONE (hasn't + 3rd form/verb + ed)

I/you/we/they HAVE WATCHED the news-> HAVEN'T WATCHED (haven't + 3rd form/verb + ed)

Past Continuous 

Negative sentences 

Past Continuous 

I/he/she/it WAS WATCHING -> WASN'T WATCHING 

you/we/they WERE WATCHING -> WEREN'T WATCHING

Past Perfect

I/you/he/she/it/we/they HAD GONE to town before I visited you -> HADN'T GONE 

Past Continuous

FORM:

1. Was (I/he/she/it) + verb + ING (e.g. I was looking, she was listening)
   
2. Were (you/we/they) + verb + ING (e.g. They were looking, we were listening)
   

USE:

1. To emphasize duration in the past  (I was crying for a long time when I heard the news.)
   
2. To talk about something that was going on when something else interrupted this. (The thief was quietly opening the door, when suddenly the alarm went off.)
   

Signal words:

While, when, all afternoon, all morning etc.

Indirect/Reported Speech

1)  "I am working till late". -> You said that you were working till late.

2) He wants his money back. -> He said that he wanted his money back

3) "I'll be able to help you." -> You said that you would be able to help me.

In indirect speech (you say what someone said) you GO BACK ONE TENSE

• Present Simple (verb (+ S he/she/it) -> Past Simple  (irreg. = 2nd form/ reg. = verb + ED)
  
• Past Simple -> Past Perfect (haD + 3rd form/verb + ED)
  
• Present Perfect (has/have + 3rd form) -> Past Perfect (haD + 3rd form/verb + ED)
  

Past Perfect 

A) an action taking place before another action in the past. (voorbeeld in volgende dia)

     After he had eaten his meal, he left the restaurant.

B) indirect speech (present perfect/past simple -> past perfect)

    Amy: "I have never seen anything like it!" -> Amy said that she had never seen anything 

   like it.

   Jan: " I went there earlier." -> Jan said that he had gone there earlier.

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Adjectives & Comparisons 

Adjectives describe things/people/animals

• ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS -> TALL/TALLER/TALLEST

• TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS ->  MORE/MOST (MAAR: UITZONDERINGEN! SOMMIGE TWEE-LETTERGREEP WOORDEN KUNNEN ZOWEL MORE/MOST ALS ER/EST KRIJGEN!!! STUDY COMPARISONS IN TB P. 144/145)

• THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS ->MORE /MOST DIFFICULT

• net zo .... als = just as ... as / niet zo..... als = not just as .... as / hoe ....hoe (the....the)
  

• THAN -> TO COMPARE (bigger than all other stars) / ALL OTHER INSTANCES -> THEN (Then she left the room.)

Adjectives & Comparisons

NOTE:

• Double the consonant when the vowel is short -> big/bigger/biggest - sad/sadder/saddest
  

• Y-> I  (dirty/dirtier/dirtiest BUT shy/shyer/shyest)
  

• irregular adjectives (good/better/best - bad/worse/worst - many/more/most - little/less/least = non-countable (little sugar)- few/fewer/fewest = countable (a few cookies) ETC.)

• a few = een paar / few = weinig         a little = een beetje / little = weinig 

•  adjectives with a number before a noun? hyphenate (-) all adjectives before the noun and drop the "s" 

     -> The twenty-pound note (but: a note of twenty pounds) , the seven-year-old girl (but: a girl of seven years old)

Adjective vs Adverbs

Adjectives describe nouns (people/animals/things) (TB p. 142):

a good girl, a fast car, a horrible accident (the car is fast, the accident is horrible etc.)

Adverbs describe verbs/adjectives/sentences. FORM: ADJECTIVE + LY (TB p. 143)

(exceptions: well/fast/hard/early etc.):

• She listens carefully. Nicely done! She worked well.
• It was a really horrible accident.  It's a greatly exaggerated story.
• Surprisingly, Sinterklaas didn't show up. Apparently he brought no gifts.

to feel/smell/look/sound/taste/appear/seem (SENSE verbs) + adjective

• Sense verbs (verbs relating to the senses) + adjective
  

She seems happy.

He feels ashamed.

It looks delicious.

It sounds serious!

• The adverb "well" can be used  after look, sound, feel, appear, but the meaning is ‘healthy’.
  

Tom looks very well after the operation.

You look unwell today. Is everything all right?

 Adjectives

Friendly/silly/lovely/unlikely

Difficult/impossible

Daily/early/high/low/far/fast/wrong/strange

Difference in meaning:

• short stories
  
• hard to follow (moeilijk)
  
• fair play
  
• to work hard (hard)
  
• a late train (late)
  

Adverbs

In a friendly way; in a lovely manner

With great difficulty / impossibly

idem (adjective = adverb)

Difference in meaning

• I'll see you shortly (binnenkort)
  
• There was hardly anyone there (nauwelijks)
  
• Fairly good player (redelijk)
  
• He hardly works (nauwelijks)
  
• Lately he never calls (de laatste tijd) / To arrive late (te laat)
  

Adverbs & Comparisons 

Examples:

He didn't sing as well as she did.

She drove faster than he did.

He played the piano just as badly as she did

The colours were more perfectly matched than before.

Extra uitleg & oefenen

• Oefenen:
  

1. werkwoordtijden Unit 2:     https://www.english-4u.de/tenses_exercises.html
   
2. adjectives/adverbs/comparisons/reported speech:  https://www.english-4u.de/grammar_exercises.htm
   

Oefen via Intermediate & Advanced

• Extra uitleg:
  

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar

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