5.4 Opportunities and threats for Nigeria

At the end of the lesson you will know:

- the advantages and disadvantages of free trade

- why countries implement tariffs (importheffingen)

Planning today

- Look at 5.3B assignment 2 (strengths and weaknesses)

- Explanation first half of 5.4 and making assignments

Strengths

Rising GNP per capita

Strengths 

- Nigeria has a large number of people who are willing to work.
- They are ambitious, meaning they try to create their own businesses and find new opportunities. 

Strengths 

Nigeria is rich in natural resources like oil and minerals (such as gold). 

Strengths 

Lots of opportunities for agriculture

Strengths 

Lots of cultural influence on other African countries / popularity of Nollywood

Weaknesses

Regional inequality

Weaknesses

Unemployment and informal jobs

- Many people don’t have regular jobs. 

- Some work in small, informal businesses without steady pay.

Weaknesses

Not enough money for basic needs

- food

- housing

- healthcare

- education

Weaknesses

Roads and railways aren’t well-maintained, making it hard to transport goods and travel

Weaknesses

Overpopulation in Lagos

Weaknesses

Conflicts and violence

Weaknesses

Political instability and corruption

Weaknesses

Dependence on oil, low investment in other areas/sectors

5.4 Opportunities and threats for Nigeria

Lesson goals

At the end of the lesson you will know:

- different kinds of development cooperation

- the effects of Nigerians working abroad

Development cooperation

•  Developing countries often get aid from developed countries 
• This aid can be financial aid, food aid, technical assistance or other goods
• This kind of aid is also called development cooperation

Nigeria receives aid from companies, governments and international organizations (such as UNICEF)

- In 2017, it was almost €3 billion (miljard)

Why was this money needed?

•  Boko Haram is an Islamist militant group that emerged in Nigeria in the early 2000s
• The name "Boko Haram" means "Western education is forbidden"
• They became highly violent after 2009, attacking schools, villages, government buildings, and security forces

Impact

• People displaced → 2 million people had to flee their homes
• Food crisis → Many farmers cannot access their land, leading to severe malnutrition
• Mass killings & abductions → Boko Haram has attacked villages, taken hostages, and places bombs

Where did the donated money (€3 billion) go to?

About a third money went to emergency aid.

Where did the donated money go to?

• A part went to emergency aid
• This is aid that people need to survive when faced with a disaster

Where did the donated money go to?

• Another part went to structural aid or sustainable aid.
• This is help is given to make long-term improvements in a country. 

Types of aid

Bilateral aid

• When one country gives support directly to another country
• Government of the receiving country -> government of the receiving country

Types of aid

Multilateral aid

• Countries give help through international organizations before it reaches the receiving country
• Government of the donor country ->  an international organization (like the United Nations -> the government of the receiving country

Types of aid

NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)

• NGOs are organizations that work independently of governments
• Organizations like Oxfam Novib or the Red Cross -> local people and communities who receive the aid directly

Migrants

• Because of the bad circumstances, a lot of people leave Nigeria
• They mainly move to Europe

Migrants

Advantage: 

• they send some of the money they earn home to their families in Nigeria:  remittances

Disadvantage: 

• highly educated and skilled people leave their country and move abroad: brain drain

Go to Learnbeat 5.4B

Make the assignments 4, 5 and 6BCEF

Planning today:

• Quick quiz
  
• Explanation second part of 5.4
  
• Making assignments Learnbeat
• Closing exercise (last 10 minutes)

What is the difference between emergency aid and structural/sustainable aid?

1. Emergency aid gives food and water, while structural aid focuses on schools and doctors.
2. Emergency aid builds roads and water systems, while structural aid provides food and clean water.
3. Emergency aid gives healthcare and education, while structural aid provides tents and food.

What can happen to aid money when corruption is involved?

1. The money is used only for long-term projects like building schools.
2. Government leaders may take some aid money, so less reaches those in need.
3. Some of the aid money might be spent on expensive government projects.

What are remittances?

1. Loans given to Nigerians to start small businesses.
2. Money sent home by Nigerians working abroad to support their families.
3. Financial aid given by international organizations.

What is ‘brain drain’ and how does it affect Nigeria?

1. Farmers lose access to their land because of conflict.
2. Students do not finish school due to war.
3. When educated Nigerians leave for better jobs abroad, causing a shortage of skilled workers.

Second part 5.4

Opportunities and threats for Nigeria

Lesson goals:

At the end of the lesson you will know:

- the advantages and disadvantages of free trade

- why countries implement tariffs/import duties (importheffingen)

What is Free Trade?

What is Free Trade?

• It means countries can buy and sell products from each other without extra costs like taxes (tariffs) or limits

But why do countries trade in the first place?

But why do countries trade in the first place?

• Every country produces different goods depending on its climate

• For example:

     o Spain produces olives

     o India produces rice

• No country can produce everything it needs

Free trade and Nigeria

• Nigeria has lots of oil, which many other countries want to buy

• The Netherlands (Shell) buys oil from Nigeria.

• Thanks to free trade, Nigeria can sell its oil without paying extra taxes (tariffs) or facing limits

While free trade offers benefits, some countries may want to limit it. 

Can you think of a reason why a country might want to limit free trade?

Reasons for limiting free trade

• Protect their businesses from too much competition 

• If other countries produce cheaper or better products, local companies and farmers struggle

How can countries protect their local businesses?

• Tariffs/import duties (taxes on imported products)

• Companies that want to import products into a country have to pay these tariffs
• This makes imported goods more expensive 

Example Nigeria

• Nigeria has placed a 70% tariff (import tax) on foreign cars. 

President Trump & tariffs

• President Trump talks a lot about adding tariffs to products from other countries. 

President Trump & tariffs

Many people in the U.S. don’t like this, why?

President Trump & tariffs

Many people in the U.S. don’t like this, why?

• Because tariffs make products more expensive.

Two other reasons Trump has for tariffs, besides boosting the U.S. economy.

Two other reasons Trump has for tariffs, besides boosting the U.S. economy:

1. Trump says: "The people that have poured into our country so horribly and so much."

• He is referring to illegal immigration from Mexico (and Canada) into the U.S.

Two other reasons Trump has for tariffs, besides boosting the U.S. economy:

2. Trump says: "The drugs, fentanyl, and everything else that have come into the country."

• He argues that Mexico is a major route for illegal drugs entering the U.S.

Trump also used the threat of tariffs as a way to apply pressure on other countries

Go to Learnbeat 5.4B

Make assignments 2 and 3

Exercise

For the term tariffs/import duties:

• write a definition in your own words
• write down other words/concepts are related to it
• draw an image of it

Definition in your own words: 

• Import

• Export

• Trade

• Taxes

• Businesses

• Customers

• Free trade

Drawing

Tariffs are extra taxes that a government places on imported goods.

Next lesson:

Explanation of report and role play meeting