presentation group 8 Western civilization

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Redefining Perspectives: 

Unveiling the New Ideas of the Mid 19th Century

Group Members:

         Reyna Qotrunnada / 204214102

 Clara Prita W / 204214103

Graciela Kiara / 204214108

Isa Eijkhout / 220001039

Are You Readyyy?

1. YESSSSSS
2. no

Realism and Naturalism

Realism

• Dominant movement in art and literature in the mid 19th century, opposed the romantic veneration of the inner life and romantic sentimentality. The romantics exalted passion and intuition, let their imaginations transport them to a presumed idyllic medieval past, and sought inner solitude amid nature’s wonders. 
• Realists > concentrated on the actual world: social conditions, contemporary manners, and the familiar details of everyday life.

Naturalism

• Literary realism evolved into naturalism when writers tried to demonstrate a causal relationship between human character and the social environment. In certain conditions of life produced predictable character traits in human beings.
• Clinical detachment & meticulous care > analyzed how people looked, worked, and behaved

Naturalism

In striving for a true-to-life portrayal of human behavior and the social environment, realism and naturalism reflected attitudes shaped by science, industrialism, and secularism, which stressed the importance of the external world. The same outlook also gave rise to positivism in philosophy.

What is the difference between
realism and naturalism?

Positivism

• This views science as the highest form of knowledge and advocates for an empirical approach to the study of society. Positivists reject metaphysics, which seeks ultimate principles through empirical observation.
  

• Auguste Comte, known as the father of positivism, called for a scientific approach to understanding history and society, believing that knowledge of the laws governing human affairs could bring rationality to society.  

Law of the Three Stages

Describes the progression of human

thought from a theological stage 

(based on supernatural explanations) 

to a metaphysical stage 

(based on abstract concepts) 

and finally to a scientific stage

 where society is reconstructed based 

on empirical observation and formulated laws.

Darwinism

The theory of evolution, developed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an English naturalist, stands out as a monumental scientific breakthrough in human history. Darwin's work brought about a revolutionary transformation in biology, Natural Selection.

Natural Selection

During the 18th century God was responsible for the creation.  However, doubts began to arise with the release of Erasmus Darwin's "Zoonomia or the Laws of Organic Life" in 1794. This publication presented evidence suggesting that the Earth had existed for millions of years prior to the appearance of humans, and that animals underwent changes over time.

Darwinism and Christianity

The theory of evolution proposed by Darwin had far-reaching consequences that extended beyond the boundaries of science. It directly confronted established Christian doctrines, introducing skepticism regarding the absolute accuracy of Scripture and the notion that the Bible represented the literal Word of God.

Differences Between Indonesia and the Netherlands

Cultural Factors:

Indonesia is a diverse country with a predominantly Muslim population. While the theory of evolution is taught in schools, there are differing beliefs and interpretations of human origins among the population.

The Netherlands has a more accepting cultural climate, and scientific theories like Darwinism are generally well-accepted. Most Dutch people see no conflict between evolutionary theory and their religious beliefs.

Educational Factors:

Evolutionary theory is included in the biology curriculum in Indonesian schools, but the quality and depth of education may vary across regions and institutions, influencing the acceptance of Darwinism.

The Netherlands has a well-developed education system, and the teaching of evolutionary theory is comprehensive. This contributes to a higher level of understanding and acceptance of Darwinism in the population.

Differences between Indonesia and the Netherlands

Religious Factors:

Islam is the dominant religion in Indonesia, but interpretations of evolution vary among Muslims. Some fully accept Darwinism, while others may hold more conservative views or question aspects of the theory.

Religion plays a smaller role in Dutch society compared to Indonesia. Many religious individuals in the Netherlands see no conflict between their faith and accepting evolution.

Social Darwinism

The conclusions of Darwin's theory were often recklessly applied to the social order by certain social thinkers, leading to theories that had perilous consequences for society. These individuals, known as Social Darwinists, utilized phrases such as "struggle for existence" and "survival of the fittest" to support an often brutal economic individualism and political conservatism.

Marxism

• Karl Marx was born in Germany in 1818 to parents who were both descended from important Rabbis or holy Jews.
• Marx went to college to study law, but he changed his major to philosophy. In 1842, he was in charge of a newspaper that was soon shut down by the Prussian government because of its controversial views.
• Marx moved from his home region of Rhineland to Paris, where he met another German named Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), who was the son of a wealthy textile maker.
  
• Marx was forced to leave France in 1849 because of his political views. He went to London, where he lived until the end of his life. There, he spent years writing Capital, an exploration and critique of the modern capitalist economic system.
  

The History

Liberals gave up on change after the 1848 revolutions failed and their fear of working-class violence grew. Instead, they pushed for reforms through the political process. Marxists and anarchists were the main supporters of change in the late 19th century. Both liberalism and marxism came from the Enlightenment, which gave them many of the same ideas. They wanted to free people from the superstitions, ignorance, and biases that had built up over time, and they also wanted to make society more peaceful and logical. Both Marxism and Liberalism believed in social progress and thought it was important for people to use their abilities to the fullest. 

The Keypoints

• Critique of Capitalism: Marxism is a critical analysis of the capitalist system that reveals its flaws and exploitation. It states that capitalism produces different classes in society, with the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) on top and proletariat (working class) below
• Class Struggle: Marxism believes that the bourgeoisie and the proletariat will always be at odds with one another. The capitalist class, it is argued, fights to keep and expand its riches and power at the expense of the working class in all capitalist nations.

• Social Justice and Equality: Social justice and equality are essential elements of the Marxist worldview. The ultimate goal of Marxism is to establish a society in which everyone has the same opportunities, resources, and quality of life.

Differences and Similarities

in Netherlands and Indonesia

• Marxism in Netherlands:
  

Liberalisme came early in the Netherlands, even before Marxism built and grew in the Netherlands. Dutch people are focusing more on the development of each individual to gain money, popularity, and success rather than focusing on the different classes and statuses there. It is a capitalist country, so the things that marxism stands for, just don’t fit the capitalistic Netherlands.

• Marxism in Indonesia:
  

Marxist ideas have been used by labor groups in Indonesia to fight for worker rights, better working conditions, and equal pay. The Indonesian Trade Union Confederation (KSPI) is an example of a labor union that has held strikes, protests, and negotiations with management on behalf of its members. 

• Similarities: 

In an aspect of cultural movements. Marxist views have had an impact on both Indonesian and Dutch cultural communities. People in both countries who are interested in discussing issues of social justice, injustice, and resistance have looked to Marxist ideas for inspiration. In both cases, Marxist literary analysis and criticism have been employed to examine the respective works.

What was the main reason people followed the ideas of Karl Marx?

Differences between Indonesia and the Netherlands

Liberalisme came early in the Netherlands, even before Marxism built and grew in the Netherlands. Dutch people are focusing more on the development of each individual to gain money, popularity, and success rather than focusing on the different classes and statuses there. It is a capitalist country, so the things that marxism stands for, just don’t fit the capitalistic Netherlands.

Marxist ideas have been used by labor groups in Indonesia to fight for worker rights, better working conditions, and equal pay. The Indonesian Trade Union Confederation (KSPI) is an example of a labor union that has held strikes, protests, and negotiations with management on behalf of its members. These things are in line with Marxist ideas about the fight between classes and the power of workers.

Liberalism

A political ideology centered upon the individual.

 Liberalism has the ideology of free markets, with no defense against the accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of a few, and as lacking any analysis of the social and political nature of persons.

John stuart Mill

British philosopher and statesman. 

Mill argued that 'the government and the majority should not interfere with the liberty of individuals whose actions do not harm others.'

 Freedom of thought, expression, and tolerance of diverse viewpoints were crucial for the development of rational, moral, and civilized citizens.

Thomas Hill Green

 Value of private property

Questioned how it benefited the poor. 

 'The state had a responsibility to preserve individual liberty while promoting conditions conducive to the self-development of the majority.' 

How is Liberalism showed in the Netherlands and Indonesia?

True or false:
In the Netherlands, for example, journalist can say whatever they want about everything. Even if it is something negative about our king. And they can NOT be arrested for it.

1. True
2. False

Feminism

 Social and political movement. 

Critically analyze unequal relationships between men and women.

 Emancipation on economic, political, social and personal levels.

How is Feminism showed in the Netherlands and Indonesia?

The Netherlands

1870 Dr. Aletta Jacobs(1854-1929) is in the Netherlands the first feminist who graduated university. Higher education wasn't allowed for women at this time.

Since 1919 women can vote. 

Now: mostly about equal income, sexual intimidation and aggression towards women.  

Living expenses for being a woman. 19.800 euro (320.020.614 roepia).

 ⅓ women in the Netherlands call themselves a feminist. 

Indonesia

Raden Adjeng Kartini (1879-1904). Kartini wrote letters to her Dutch schoolmates, exposing gender inequality in Javanese traditions such as: forced marriages at a young age and the denial of education for women. Kartini opened up the first Indonesian primary school for girls that allowed all Indonesian girls to attend regardless of social status.

Any questions?