CH4 sec. 4.1 From manual work to machines

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• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Memo h/v 2 TTO

CH4 The time of citizens and steam engines

Industrial Revolution

sec. 4.1 From manual work to machines

Industrial Revolution

Time period 8

The time of citizens and steam engines (1800-1900)

Historical period

Modern period (1800-present). Sometimes called modern times or modern era.

Industrial Revolution

1750-1850

A major turning point in world history

• antibiotics
• battery
• ban on child labour
• car
• clean drinking water
• electricity 
  
• factories
• life expectancy higher than 35 years old

• machines
• not growing your own food
  
• not living on a farm
• phone
• right to education
• train
• toilet
  
• weekend
• women's rights

What do we owe to the industrial revolution?

Learning objectives

• You can name the characteristics (matching dates and historical period) of age of citizens and steam engines.
  
• You can explain what industrialization involves. 
  
• You can explain how most people lived before there were factories.
  
• You can explain what the difference was between cottage industry and factory work.
  
• You can name four important inventions of the industrial revolution.
  
• You can name the six causes of the Industrial Revolution.
  
• You can name the four consequences of the Industrial Revolution.
  
• You know the terms and dates of this section
  

Industrial Revolution

Time period 8

The time of citizens and steam engines (1800-1900)

Historical period

Modern period (1800-present). Sometimes called modern times or modern era.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

• The Industrial Revolution transformed 

economies that had been based on 

agriculture and handicrafts into economies 

based on large-scale industry,  mechanized 

manufacturing, and the factory system. 

• New machines, new power sources, and new 

ways of organizing work made existing 

industries more productive and efficient.

• The Industrial Revolution also led to major 

changes in transport and mobility.

Because of the Industrial Revolution the agrarian-urban society became an industrial society.

The first factories

Industrial Revolution

• Great change in Western Europe due tot the arrival of factories and new modes of transport at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century.
• Started in England around 1750
• Before arrival of factories there was cottage industry.
  
• Work which people do home for an employer to earn some extra money.  Used spinning wheels and weaving looms.

The first factories

Cottage industry changed when demand for cotton grew. Merchants brought cotton from colonies in Asia and America to England.

Around 1760 craftsmen in England couldn't keep up with growing demand for cotton.

Businessmen and engineers saw opportunities to develop machines that increased production.

Spinning Jenny

1764

• The Spinning Jenny of James Hargreaves reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. It required manual power to operate.
  

Water frame

1769

• The Water frame of Richard Arkwright was a spinning frame powered by a water-wheel. The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 cotton threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before.
  

Steam engine

Around 1764 

• First working steam engine of the Industrial Revolution was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. It was used to pump water from coal mines.
• James Watt improved the steam engine so it could be used to drive spinning and weaving machines.

Steam locomotive

1825

• Locomotive No. 1 was invented by George Stephenson . Revolutionised freight and passenger transport.

The first factories

New machines were too big to be used in living rooms. Businessmen placed them in large buildings, near rivers. Water provided driving power to run machines in first factories.

Factories using steam engines to drive machines could be built everywhere.

Causes of industrialisation

Around 1750 England was an enormous empire with many colonies.

• Improvements in farming led to higher yields, surplus of food  led to population growth.

• Population growth mortality rates dropped because 

there was more food available.

• The number of workers increased: farmers lost jobs 

because of efficient farming.

• Cheap raw materials (like cotton) available from 

British colonies.

• Large supplies of coal and iron ore (England) : fuel for 

steam engines and steel for machines and infrastructure.

• More and more machines invented.

Consequences of industrialisation

• Change from an agrarian-urban society into an industrial society.

- Agriculture was no longer the primary means of subsistence

- Cottage industry was replaced by mass production. 

• Infrastructure: improved connections by 

land and water (railroads and canals).

• Urbanisation: Rural areas changed 

into industrial areas with large, densely
populated cities.

• Pollution: Increasing use of coal 

led to air pollution. Start of global warming.

1750

What matches time period 8?
1) Age of regents and rulers
2) Age of citizens and steam engines
3) 1700-1800
4) 1800-1900

1. 1 and 3
2. 1 and 4
3. 2 and 3
4. 2 and 4

What matches the industrial revolution?
1) Most people are farmers and live in the countryside.
2) Most people are factory workers and live in cities.
3) Work is done by machines driven by steam power.
4) Work is done by manual labour helped by animal power.

1. 1 and 3
2. 1 and 4
3. 2 and 3
4. 2 and 4

What were four important inventions for industry and transport?

1. Spinning Jenny, water frame, typewriter, steam engine,
2. Spinning Jenny, water frame, steam engine, steam train
3. Spinning Jenny, typewriter, steam train, telegraph
4. Water frame, steam engine, steam train, telegraph

Why were the first factories built close to rivers?

1. The new machines didn't fit in people's homes
2. It was easier to transport goods by boat.
3. Water provided driving power to run machines.

What was not a cause for the industrial revolution to start in England?

1. Cottage industry: farmers needed more machines.
2. Natural resources: large supplies of coal, iron ore and cheap raw materials
3. Improvements in farming: surplus of food led to population growth.
4. Population growth: mortality rate dropped when there was more food available.

Which consequence of industrialization do we see in the picture?

1. industrial society
2. infrastructure
3. urbanisation
4. pollution

Which consequence of industrialization do we see in the picture?

1. industrial society
2. infrastructure
3. urbanisation
4. pollution

Which consequence of industrialization do we see in the picture?

1. industrial society
2. infrastructure
3. urbanisation
4. pollution

Which consequence of industrialization do we see in the picture?

1. industrial society
2. infrastructure
3. urbanisation
4. pollution

Get to work

What? See whiteboard.

How? Alone 

Help? Ask neighbour. Can't figure it out? Ask teacher. 

Time? Until the end of the lesson. 

Done? Learn terms and dates. Ask teacher.