Introductie les fijnstof

• biolgie
• Voortgezet speciaal onderwijs
• Leerroute 1

 Particulate Matter

What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think about particulate matter (fijnstof)?

What is particulate matter?

- microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air

- Two categories:

         PM₁₀ and PM_2.5  

_{(maximum particle size)}

How do particulates come to exist?

- 90 percent natural origins (e.g. volcanoes, dust storms)

- Human activities (e.g. burning fossil fuels, power plants, road wear)

- primary particles 

      directly emitted into the air

      cars and trucks, open burning

- secondary particles 

       formed by chemical reactions of gases in the atmospher

       power plants,industrial processes

 

PM_2.5

PM₁₀

combustion process

mechanical or chemical processes

What is the impact of particulate matter on the environment?

- Direct effect: affect the climate of the earth 

      PM changes incoming solar radiation 

               absorbers

                    most aerosols reflect sunlight, some absorb it

                    depends primarily on the composition and colour (dark can absorb)

                    warm the earth

               scatterers 

                      larger particles

                      scatter solar radiation towards earth

What is the impact of particulate matter on the environment?

- indirect effects; 

     cloud forming

         Polluted air contains more water-soluble particles.  

         More light scattering

         less sunlight to earth

    

      haze

           reduce clarity and colour of sunlight

           decreased visibility

Which particles will lead to global warming?

1. absorbes
2. scatterers

What are the health risks of particulate matter?

- long term: reduction of a human life, pulmonary diseases 

- short term: aggravation of lung diseases, irritation of the eyes, noses and throat, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath 

- fine particles can more easily enter the body, settle in lining of throat and nasal cavity, enter bloodstream

Which is more dangerous to humans? PM10 or PM2.5?

1. PM10
2. PM2.5
3. both are equally dangerous

Sensor

- SODAQ

- measures several data; PM_2,5, GPS, time

- measures every 10 seconds

PM guideline levels

- Europian guidelines: 40μg/m³ 

              40μg/m³ PM₁₀ per year                       25 μg/m³ PM_2,5 per year                     

               max 50 μg/m³ PM₁₀ per day    

- WHO air quality guidelines: 

PM levels in the Netherlands

- gradually dropping

- below required 

         Europian norm

- doesn't reach WHO goal

PM levels in Europe

A good research question:

- is a research question, not a research question. 

            The question is not good if the answer can simply be found.

- consists of one question. 

              The question is not good if it is composed of several questions.

- is an open question. 

              The question is not good if the answer is simply 'yes' or 'no'.

- is clearly formulated. 

               The question is not good if someone else needs clarification.

- can be answered

Is this a good research question?
Does owning a pet improve quality of life for older people?

1. yes
2. no

A good research question:

- is an open question. 

- so:

In what ways does owning a pet improve quality of life for older people?

Hypothesis

- Describes what you think the answer will be to you research question

- Should be a statement, not a question

- Should contain 1 answer to the research question, not all possibilities

- Does not have to be the correct answer to the question, just what you think

- You can use Google, to do soms research first

WARNING!!!!!

The routes you’ve biked will disappear on your personal dashboard when a new week begins (so take a screenshot every time you’ve biked!).