YR3-CH10-LSN6_immunization and immune disorders

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

 LESSON 6

CHAPTER 10

Immunization and immune disorders

Learning goals:

• I can explain what the concept of immunization means
• I understand and I can explain the various forms of immunization
• I can explain what the consequences are of a not properly functioning immune system

KEY WORDS:

• immunization
• active / passive / natural / artificial
• serum
• blood groups
• allergic reaction

Which cell type(s) is the most important contributing factor to immunity?

1. macrophages and neutrophils
2. dendritic cells
3. active B- and T-cells
4. memory B- and T cells

Explain what it means when someone is immune

Immunization

The action and process of making someone immune

4 categories of immunization

Passive immunization

a way of immunization in which NO memory cells are formed because the adaptive immune system remained passive

advantage: immunity is obtained almost immediately

drawback: immunity is only for the short term

Active immunization

a way of immunization in which memory cells are formed because the adaptive immune system was activated

advantage: immunity is long-lasting

drawback: it takes time before immunity is obtained

Someone is injected with an antidote: antibodies against a disease.

This is a form of ...

1. passive immunization
2. active immunization

Natural vs artificial immunization

natural immunization

the way someone encountered the immunizing agent occured in a natural fashion 

artificial immunization

the way someone encountered the immunizing agent occured in a artificial fashion 

Kyara is a baby who still drinks milk from her mother. This milk contains antibodies from the mother.

The described form of immunization is ...

1. natural
2. artificial

active 

passive 

natural 

artificial

Drag the example to the correct spot in the table

getting infected with the flu-virus

an unborn child receiving mommy's antibodies 

getting your annual COVID-19 shot

receiving an antidote against a snake-bite 

ACTIVE IMMUNISATION           PASSIVE IMMUNISATION

WHO PRODUCES THE ANTIBODIES?

Get the disease

- Make your own antibodies

--Make long term memory cells

Vaccination/immunisation

- Make your own antibodies

--Make long term memory cells

Placenta or breastfeeding

- Mother makes antibodies

--No long term memory cells

Serum (blood plasma containing antibodies)

- Antibodies from serum

--No long term memory cell

artificial

natural

In case of a vaccination, what is being injected into the patient?

1. antigens
2. antibodies

Vaccination is an example of what kind of immunization?

1. passive natural
2. active natural
3. passive artificial
4. active artificial

Blood components

• Red blood cell (red)
• White blood cells (purple and blue)
• Blood platelets (yellow)
• Blood plasm (not shown)

Blood components

Blood transfusion

A patient needs blood in a hospital. 

What part of the blood is given to the patient ?

Platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells or plasma?

Blood types of the AB0 system

• Red blood cells carry different kinds of proteins on their membranes.
• The most common ones are protein A and protein B

• If you have blood type A, your red blood cells only carry protein A
• If you have blood type B, your red blood cells only carry protein B
• If you have blood type AB, your red blood cells both carry protein A and B
• if you have blood type 0 (zero), your red blood cells carry neither

Amina has blood type B.

How will her immune system recognize proteins A and B?

1. protein A will be recognized as a self-antigen protein B will be recognized as a self-antigen
2. protein A will be recognized as a foreign-antigen protein B will be recognized as a self-antigen
3. protein A will be recognized as a self-antigen protein B will be recognized as a foreign-antigen
4. protein A will be recognized as a foreign-antigen protein B will be recognized as a foreign-antigen

Foreign blood types

• If proteins are recognized as foreign:
• the innate and adaptive immune system will respond
• In the end antibodies will be produced against the foreign protein (antigen)
• these antibodies will form massive antigen-antibody complexes 
• as a result blood will clot
• causing the capillaries to clog up

Donors and recipients

At the blood donating facilities, people with blood type 0 are preferred as donor.

Explain why blood type 0 is the preferred blood type for donors.

Allergic reaction

• Exaggerated response against an otherwise harmless antigen (allergen)
• Common allergens: pollen, mites, nuts, shellfish etc.
• Antibodies against allergens bind to 'mast cells' (certain type of white blood cell)
• Histamine is released from mast cells
• Histamine causes all complaints linked to allergic reaction
• redness, production mucus, swelling etc

Allergic reaction

• Exaggerated response against an otherwise harmless antigen (allergen)
• Common allergens: pollen, mites, nuts, shellfish etc.

Patients that suffer from an allergic reaction often get drugs described called anti-histamins. They block the function of histamine.

Explain if this treatment is meant to cure or to relieve symptoms.

Learning goals:

• I can explain what the concept of immunization means
• I understand and I can explain the various forms of immunization
• I can explain what the consequences are of a not properly functioning immune system

Homework

• Access the Kerboodle pdf via the classroom (updates tab) and read the following pages: 147-149
• Do the assignments during/after lesson 7 on classroom (questions from the Kerboodle book)
• GLOSSARY QUIZ= FORMATIVE, therefore no grade that counts
• 31st October!!! (because no grade that counts)