3.4 Roman culture
The Time of Greeks and Romans
3.4 Roman culture
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Slide 1: Slide
GeschiedenisMiddelbare schoolmavo, havoLeerjaar 1
This lesson contains 42 slides, with interactive quizzes, text slides and 3 videos.
Items in this lesson
The Time of Greeks and Romans
3.4 Roman culture
Slide 1 - Slide
What you can explain / do after this lesson
- What different groups lived in Rome?
- How can you recognise Roman culture?
- What is romanisation?
- What was the Pax Romana?
Slide 2 - Slide
Word Duty
amphitheater: round Roman theatre, that looks like a present-day stadium.
aqueduct: Roman bridge carrying water.
Colosseum: name of the largest open-air theatre in the Roman Empire.
gladiators: trained slaves that fought each other to amuse the audience.
Jupiter: supreme god of the Romans.
Mars: Roman god of war.
Neptune: Roman god of the sea.
patricians: wealthy families who formed the ruling class in Rome.
Pax Romana: two centuries of relative peace in the Roman Empire.
plebeians: non-patrician people of Rome.
romanisation: copying the Roman way of life.
thermae: Roman bathhouses.
Venus: Roman goddess of love.
KEY WORDS
Slide 3 - Slide
A. What is this lesson about?
Luxury goods, bathhouses, roads, theatres and temples: these are just a few examples of Roman culture. Roman culture was spread throughout the Empire. Many people wanted to live like Romans or even wanted to be Roman citizens themselves. How was all of that possible?
Slide 4 - Slide
What is "culture"?
all the things that people do, make, think and believe
make up the culture they belong to.
First you need to know:
Slide 5 - Slide
What belongs to YOUR culture?
the language you speak
the food you eat
the clothes you wear
the god(s) you worship
the sports / games you play and enjoy
the art you create
....and much, much more.....
Slide 6 - Slide
Different cultures make up a community (gemeenschap)
Slide 7 - Slide
Different communities make up a society (maatschappij)
Slide 8 - Slide
Slide 9 - Slide
Different societies make up a country (land)
Slide 10 - Slide
Different countries make up the world
Slide 11 - Slide
So, what belongs to Roman culture?
language
food
clothing
gods
sports, games,
architecture,
art.......and much more.
Slide 12 - Slide
B. Roman society
- Not all Romans were rich and powerful. Roman society was strictly divided into classes. Powerful and rich families formed the ruling class. They were known as patricians. These wealthy families owned most of the land and lived in luxurious villas (large houses). All other free Roman citizens who were not rich or powerful were known as plebeians. They lived in so-called insulae : apartment buildings that had only one room or two at most.
- A third group in Roman society were the slaves. They had no rights at all and did most of the work. Slaves were seen as the property of those who could afford to buy them.
patricians
plebeians
What about women?
Freeborn Roman women were citizens, but could not vote or be elected in a political office
Slide 13 - Slide
Read the following text and drag the words at the bottom to the correct place.
NB: when you have finished, there will be two words left over.
patricians
villas
classes
rights
slaves
land
plebeians
money
Limes
families
Slide 14 - Drag question
Slide 15 - Slide
C. A Roman way of life
The Romans also developed a very useful building technique: the arch. The idea of the arch together with concrete and bricks gave numerous possibilities to the builders. Now they were able to build aqueducts (bridges for water) very quickly. Aqueducts were extremely important for the water supply in Roman cities.
The Romans also built public toilets, so people stopped urinating in the street. Now streets were cleaner and diseases spread less easily.
The Romans loved bathing. In Rome, there were several thermae (Latin for ‘bathhouses’). A bathhouse was used for bathing, but also for socialising and of course, gossiping. Each Roman town throughout the Empire had several bathhouses.
Local people were not allowed to be the garrison in their own territory after 69 AD. The Romans feared locals were too likely to side with their people against Rome.
Some of the best jobs in the empire were held by people who had yet to earn Roman citizenship. For instance, the personal guard of the emperor included Batavians. These men from what is now called the Netherlands could find themselves in high places. Sometimes literally, as some Batavians were stationed at Hadrian’s wall (England). They were there to man the wall and protect the empire from the Scottish Celts.
We found some personal letters there that these Batavians sent home. These letters were written in Latin, not in the Germanic dialect that the Batavians used to speak. So either the Batavians became very Romanised in only one century, or there were people in the Roman army that would write down messages for soldiers. They would then be read or translated for the Batavians back home. The Romans rotated troops from different parts of the empire to keep the peace. So army service not only got you citizenship, it also got you places!
Bread and Games
Source 4.23
Another thing the Romans brought was entertainment. Roman leaders knew that people remain happy if you feed and entertain them. Or, to quote Julius Caesar: “give them bread and games”. The Romans liked to organise gladiator games in amphitheatres.
Amphitheatres are round theatres, like the Colosseum in Rome. Gladiators, who were trained slaves, would fight each other, wild animals or criminals. In other events criminals had to fight wild animals. Sometimes they just executed people between events. In the late 1st and 2nd centuries, Christians were also thrown into the arena to die as entertainment for the spectators.
Source 4.24 Inside the most famous amphitheatre in the world: the Colosseum in Rome, built between 72 and 80 AD.
Roman culture in the Netherlands
Source 4.25 Scale model of the temple for Hercules-Magusanus in Elst, built in 110 AD.
In the Netherlands, local and Roman religion mixed too. The largest temple North of the Alps was built just South of Arnhem, at Elst. It was dedicated to the Batavian god Magusanus. The Romans called him Hercules. The Roman army built the temple around 110 AD, before the legion left Nijmegen. It seems only fair that they built a new temple, because the Romans had destroyed the old one.
To be fair, the Romans had good reasons to destroy it. The Batavians rebelled against the Romans in 69 AD. During this Batavian rebellion, they defeated Roman armies and burned down Xanten. But after some time Rome got the upper hand. The Batavian leader, Julius Civilis, met with the Romans and surrendered. As punishment the Romans destroyed the temple at Elst. They also placed a legion just South of the Batavians, and from this the city of Nijmegen grew!
Pax Romana
Source 4.26 Medical instruments the Romans used for surgery, not so different from those we use today (1st century BC).
There were other good reasons to be part of the Roman Empire: the network of roads was protected by the Roman army and offered a fast, safe way to travel. The Roman state also made good silver coins, called denarii. These coins could be used all over the empire and helped trade to blossom. Whether it was a trader selling perfume, or an Egyptian grain trader, everyone knew what the coins were worth. This made trade easier.
With better trade, some people became rich. It was a Roman tradition to use your wealth for public good, so rich Romans would spread their wealth by, for instance, building a bathhouse. Most Roman cities improved this way. They built public toilets (so people stopped peeing in the street), bathhouses (so people were clean) along with libraries and sporting facilities. In other words the Romans brought wealth and, as long as you obeyed Roman law, peace. So it was Roman peace, or Pax Romana.
Source 4.27 Romans enjoyed going to the toilet together and even shared one cleaning stick (instead of paper) (Ostia Antica, Rome, 2nd century AD).
Conflict with the Germanic tribes
There was one downside to Rome’s wealth and success. In the North there were Germanic tribes. These tribes envied Rome the fertile lands of Gaul and the wealth Rome had gathered. They also remembered the wars they had fought with Rome. The Teutons and Cimbri that Marius had defeated were also Germanic. After more than 200 years the conflict was far from over. But after a few failed attempts to conquer Germany, the Rhine became the frontier with the Germanic tribes.
Essence
Becoming more Roman, or Romanising, had many advantages; political rights for citizens, better trade and nice buildings. But if you resisted Roman rule, they would punish you.
Exercise 1
Read How to become a Roman? (Theory B).
a.
What four benefits were there if you became a Roman citizen?
b.
Was it easy to become a Roman citizen? Explain your answer.
a
b
Exercise 2
S
In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources. Read the source below and answer the questions.
The emperor Caesar […] Hadrianus Antonius […], pontifex maximus (high priest), with tribunician power (people’s tribune), twice imperator, four times consul […] September 27th […] has granted to the Briton Ivonercus, son of Molax, infantryman of the 1st Ulpian cohort of Britons 1,000-strong under Lucius Nonius Bessus[…] citizenship. […]
Military diploma from Mehadia, AD 154, simplified version
a.
What does the diploma say about Ivonercus?
b.
Why are all the names and titles important?
c.
When would Ivonercus need this diploma?
a
b
c
Exercise 3
S
Read Romanisation (Theory C). In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources.
a.
What is Romanisation?
b.
Look at the source below. Is this an example of Romanisation?
Roman Baths in Bath, England
a
b
Exercise 4
a.
What two things did people in the Roman empire always have to do?
b.
Which of these two things did the Jews and Christians refuse to do? Explain why.
a
b
Exercise 5
Read Batavians in the personal guard of the emperor (Theory D).
a.
What language did the Batavians speak?
b.
Is the fact that there were letters in Latin from Batavians proof of their Romanisation? Explain your answer.
c.
The Romans made sure that troops were rotated. This meant that Batavians from the Netherlands were keeping the peace in England instead of the Netherlands. Why did the Romans prefer to use Batavians in England rather than in the Netherlands? Explain your answer.
a
b
c
Exercise 6
Read Bread and Games (Theory E).
a.
What did Caesar mean by “Give them bread and games”?
b.
Entertainment in the amphitheatres included gladiators fighting to the death, animal fights and executions. Would you consider this sport?
S
c.
In this exercise you will practise Skill 4: Comparing historical situations. Gladiators could become rich and famous. Is that so very different from professional athletes today? Explain your answer.
a
b
c
Exercise 7
S
Read Roman culture in the Netherlands (Theory F). In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources.
a.
Look at source 4.25. Is this temple an example of Romanisation? Explain your answer.
b.
The Batavian god Magusanus was called Hercules (or even Hercules-Magusanus) by the Romans. Why do you think they gave him this name?
c.
What does it say about the relationship between Rome and the Batavians that the Romans rebuilt the temple in 110 AD?
a
b
c
Exercise 8
Read Pax Romana (Theory G).
a.
What three benefits did the Roman empire offer for
The Romans also built public toilets, so people stopped urinating in the street. Now streets were cleaner and diseases spread less easily.
the colloseum
a triumphal arch
Slide 16 - Slide
1. How can you tell from the word "aqueduct" that it has to do with water?
Slide 17 - Open question
2. Why were aqueducts very important?
Slide 18 - Open question
3. Look at the pictures next to text C
In which two buildings can you see the use of an "arch"?
In which two buildings can you see the use of an "arch"?
Slide 19 - Open question
D. Bread and Games
Roman leaders knew that happy people remain obedient, so you have to feed and entertain them. For this purpose, the Romans organised games in amphitheatres. An amphitheatre is a round theatre, like the Colosseum in Rome. Gladiators were the entertainers. They were slaves trained for fighting. They had to fight with each other, with criminals or wild animals. To amuse the people of Rome, criminals got their death penalty carried out in the Colosseum. This happened to Christians in the late 1st and 2nd centuries, when their religion was forbidden.
Slide 20 - Slide
Part of a mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna), about 2nd century AD. It shows (left to right) a thraex fighting a murmillo, a hoplomachus standing with another murmillo (who is signaling his defeat to the referee), and one of a matched pair.
Jean-Léon Gérôme, 'Pollice Verso', 1872. Een murmillo heeft een retiarius verslagen in het Colosseum.
Slide 21 - Slide
4. Gladiators could become rich and famous. Is that so very different from professional athletes today? Explain your answer.
Slide 22 - Open question
E. The Romans and their gods
The Romans believed in many gods simultaneously. They thought gods could affect human lives either positively or negatively. Therefore the Romans spent a great deal of time pleasing them. They built temples and sculptures in honour of their gods and brought sacrifices too: mostly cattle, sheep and pigs. It was important to keep the gods in a good humour.
Each god had its own role. The most important god was Jupiter, supreme god and master of the sky. Neptune was the god of the sea. Venus was the goddess of love and Mars was the god of war. You can imagine that a soldier would bring sacrifices for Mars, hoping for victory. Someone who was in love would ask Venus for help.
Local people were not allowed to be the garrison in their own territory after 69 AD. The Romans feared locals were too likely to side with their people against Rome.
Some of the best jobs in the empire were held by people who had yet to earn Roman citizenship. For instance, the personal guard of the emperor included Batavians. These men from what is now called the Netherlands could find themselves in high places. Sometimes literally, as some Batavians were stationed at Hadrian’s wall (England). They were there to man the wall and protect the empire from the Scottish Celts.
We found some personal letters there that these Batavians sent home. These letters were written in Latin, not in the Germanic dialect that the Batavians used to speak. So either the Batavians became very Romanised in only one century, or there were people in the Roman army that would write down messages for soldiers. They would then be read or translated for the Batavians back home. The Romans rotated troops from different parts of the empire to keep the peace. So army service not only got you citizenship, it also got you places!
Bread and Games
Source 4.23
Another thing the Romans brought was entertainment. Roman leaders knew that people remain happy if you feed and entertain them. Or, to quote Julius Caesar: “give them bread and games”. The Romans liked to organise gladiator games in amphitheatres.
Amphitheatres are round theatres, like the Colosseum in Rome. Gladiators, who were trained slaves, would fight each other, wild animals or criminals. In other events criminals had to fight wild animals. Sometimes they just executed people between events. In the late 1st and 2nd centuries, Christians were also thrown into the arena to die as entertainment for the spectators.
Source 4.24 Inside the most famous amphitheatre in the world: the Colosseum in Rome, built between 72 and 80 AD.
Roman culture in the Netherlands
Source 4.25 Scale model of the temple for Hercules-Magusanus in Elst, built in 110 AD.
In the Netherlands, local and Roman religion mixed too. The largest temple North of the Alps was built just South of Arnhem, at Elst. It was dedicated to the Batavian god Magusanus. The Romans called him Hercules. The Roman army built the temple around 110 AD, before the legion left Nijmegen. It seems only fair that they built a new temple, because the Romans had destroyed the old one.
To be fair, the Romans had good reasons to destroy it. The Batavians rebelled against the Romans in 69 AD. During this Batavian rebellion, they defeated Roman armies and burned down Xanten. But after some time Rome got the upper hand. The Batavian leader, Julius Civilis, met with the Romans and surrendered. As punishment the Romans destroyed the temple at Elst. They also placed a legion just South of the Batavians, and from this the city of Nijmegen grew!
Pax Romana
Source 4.26 Medical instruments the Romans used for surgery, not so different from those we use today (1st century BC).
There were other good reasons to be part of the Roman Empire: the network of roads was protected by the Roman army and offered a fast, safe way to travel. The Roman state also made good silver coins, called denarii. These coins could be used all over the empire and helped trade to blossom. Whether it was a trader selling perfume, or an Egyptian grain trader, everyone knew what the coins were worth. This made trade easier.
With better trade, some people became rich. It was a Roman tradition to use your wealth for public good, so rich Romans would spread their wealth by, for instance, building a bathhouse. Most Roman cities improved this way. They built public toilets (so people stopped peeing in the street), bathhouses (so people were clean) along with libraries and sporting facilities. In other words the Romans brought wealth and, as long as you obeyed Roman law, peace. So it was Roman peace, or Pax Romana.
Source 4.27 Romans enjoyed going to the toilet together and even shared one cleaning stick (instead of paper) (Ostia Antica, Rome, 2nd century AD).
Conflict with the Germanic tribes
There was one downside to Rome’s wealth and success. In the North there were Germanic tribes. These tribes envied Rome the fertile lands of Gaul and the wealth Rome had gathered. They also remembered the wars they had fought with Rome. The Teutons and Cimbri that Marius had defeated were also Germanic. After more than 200 years the conflict was far from over. But after a few failed attempts to conquer Germany, the Rhine became the frontier with the Germanic tribes.
Essence
Becoming more Roman, or Romanising, had many advantages; political rights for citizens, better trade and nice buildings. But if you resisted Roman rule, they would punish you.
Exercise 1
Read How to become a Roman? (Theory B).
a.
What four benefits were there if you became a Roman citizen?
b.
Was it easy to become a Roman citizen? Explain your answer.
a
b
Exercise 2
S
In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources. Read the source below and answer the questions.
The emperor Caesar […] Hadrianus Antonius […], pontifex maximus (high priest), with tribunician power (people’s tribune), twice imperator, four times consul […] September 27th […] has granted to the Briton Ivonercus, son of Molax, infantryman of the 1st Ulpian cohort of Britons 1,000-strong under Lucius Nonius Bessus[…] citizenship. […]
Military diploma from Mehadia, AD 154, simplified version
a.
What does the diploma say about Ivonercus?
b.
Why are all the names and titles important?
c.
When would Ivonercus need this diploma?
a
b
c
Exercise 3
S
Read Romanisation (Theory C). In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources.
a.
What is Romanisation?
b.
Look at the source below. Is this an example of Romanisation?
Roman Baths in Bath, England
a
b
Exercise 4
a.
What two things did people in the Roman empire always have to do?
b.
Which of these two things did the Jews and Christians refuse to do? Explain why.
a
b
Exercise 5
Read Batavians in the personal guard of the emperor (Theory D).
a.
What language did the Batavians speak?
b.
Is the fact that there were letters in Latin from Batavians proof of their Romanisation? Explain your answer.
c.
The Romans made sure that troops were rotated. This meant that Batavians from the Netherlands were keeping the peace in England instead of the Netherlands. Why did the Romans prefer to use Batavians in England rather than in the Netherlands? Explain your answer.
a
b
c
Exercise 6
Read Bread and Games (Theory E).
a.
What did Caesar mean by “Give them bread and games”?
b.
Entertainment in the amphitheatres included gladiators fighting to the death, animal fights and executions. Would you consider this sport?
S
c.
In this exercise you will practise Skill 4: Comparing historical situations. Gladiators could become rich and famous. Is that so very different from professional athletes today? Explain your answer.
a
b
c
Exercise 7
S
Read Roman culture in the Netherlands (Theory F). In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources.
a.
Look at source 4.25. Is this temple an example of Romanisation? Explain your answer.
b.
The Batavian god Magusanus was called Hercules (or even Hercules-Magusanus) by the Romans. Why do you think they gave him this name?
c.
What does it say about the relationship between Rome and the Batavians that the Romans rebuilt the temple in 110 AD?
a
b
c
Exercise 8
Read Pax Romana (Theory G).
a.
What three benefits did the Roman empire offer for
altar stone of Hercules Magusanus, found in 1514 in Westkapelle
Slide 23 - Slide
5. On the internet, search for five examples of Roman gods that are not mentioned in this section. Write down their names and roles.
Slide 24 - Open question
Romanisation
When Augustus became emperor, a period of relative peace started in the Roman Empire. This period is known as the Pax Romana (‘Roman Peace’) and lasted about two centuries.
The Roman army constantly protected the roads. So it was quite safe to travel and to trade. The Romans brought wealth and culture to all parts of their Empire. And as long as you obeyed Roman law, the Romans brought peace as well. In this period, Rome was at its height. Art, theatre and literature flourished. Rome was the place to be!
Very often, Germanic tribes adopted the Roman way of life. They gradually became more like Romans. This process is called romanisation. Germanic men even served in the Roman army. With the money they earned, they bought Roman goods like olive oil, tools and ceramic pots. Locals started to use Roman buildings, wear Roman clothes and adopt Roman gods.
Batavians in the personal guard of the emperor
Some Batavians were stationed at Hadrian’s Wall in England. They were there to protect the empire from the Scottish Celts. So army service not only got you citizenship, it also got you places!
Local people were not allowed to be the garrison in their own territory after 69 AD. The Romans feared locals were too likely to side with their people against Rome.
Some of the best jobs in the empire were held by people who had yet to earn Roman citizenship. For instance, the personal guard of the emperor included Batavians. These men from what is now called the Netherlands could find themselves in high places. Sometimes literally, as some Batavians were stationed at Hadrian’s wall (England). They were there to man the wall and protect the empire from the Scottish Celts.
We found some personal letters there that these Batavians sent home. These letters were written in Latin, not in the Germanic dialect that the Batavians used to speak. So either the Batavians became very Romanised in only one century, or there were people in the Roman army that would write down messages for soldiers. They would then be read or translated for the Batavians back home. The Romans rotated troops from different parts of the empire to keep the peace. So army service not only got you citizenship, it also got you places!
Bread and Games
Source 4.23
Another thing the Romans brought was entertainment. Roman leaders knew that people remain happy if you feed and entertain them. Or, to quote Julius Caesar: “give them bread and games”. The Romans liked to organise gladiator games in amphitheatres.
Amphitheatres are round theatres, like the Colosseum in Rome. Gladiators, who were trained slaves, would fight each other, wild animals or criminals. In other events criminals had to fight wild animals. Sometimes they just executed people between events. In the late 1st and 2nd centuries, Christians were also thrown into the arena to die as entertainment for the spectators.
Source 4.24 Inside the most famous amphitheatre in the world: the Colosseum in Rome, built between 72 and 80 AD.
Roman culture in the Netherlands
Source 4.25 Scale model of the temple for Hercules-Magusanus in Elst, built in 110 AD.
In the Netherlands, local and Roman religion mixed too. The largest temple North of the Alps was built just South of Arnhem, at Elst. It was dedicated to the Batavian god Magusanus. The Romans called him Hercules. The Roman army built the temple around 110 AD, before the legion left Nijmegen. It seems only fair that they built a new temple, because the Romans had destroyed the old one.
To be fair, the Romans had good reasons to destroy it. The Batavians rebelled against the Romans in 69 AD. During this Batavian rebellion, they defeated Roman armies and burned down Xanten. But after some time Rome got the upper hand. The Batavian leader, Julius Civilis, met with the Romans and surrendered. As punishment the Romans destroyed the temple at Elst. They also placed a legion just South of the Batavians, and from this the city of Nijmegen grew!
Pax Romana
Source 4.26 Medical instruments the Romans used for surgery, not so different from those we use today (1st century BC).
There were other good reasons to be part of the Roman Empire: the network of roads was protected by the Roman army and offered a fast, safe way to travel. The Roman state also made good silver coins, called denarii. These coins could be used all over the empire and helped trade to blossom. Whether it was a trader selling perfume, or an Egyptian grain trader, everyone knew what the coins were worth. This made trade easier.
With better trade, some people became rich. It was a Roman tradition to use your wealth for public good, so rich Romans would spread their wealth by, for instance, building a bathhouse. Most Roman cities improved this way. They built public toilets (so people stopped peeing in the street), bathhouses (so people were clean) along with libraries and sporting facilities. In other words the Romans brought wealth and, as long as you obeyed Roman law, peace. So it was Roman peace, or Pax Romana.
Source 4.27 Romans enjoyed going to the toilet together and even shared one cleaning stick (instead of paper) (Ostia Antica, Rome, 2nd century AD).
Conflict with the Germanic tribes
There was one downside to Rome’s wealth and success. In the North there were Germanic tribes. These tribes envied Rome the fertile lands of Gaul and the wealth Rome had gathered. They also remembered the wars they had fought with Rome. The Teutons and Cimbri that Marius had defeated were also Germanic. After more than 200 years the conflict was far from over. But after a few failed attempts to conquer Germany, the Rhine became the frontier with the Germanic tribes.
Essence
Becoming more Roman, or Romanising, had many advantages; political rights for citizens, better trade and nice buildings. But if you resisted Roman rule, they would punish you.
Exercise 1
Read How to become a Roman? (Theory B).
a.
What four benefits were there if you became a Roman citizen?
b.
Was it easy to become a Roman citizen? Explain your answer.
a
b
Exercise 2
S
In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources. Read the source below and answer the questions.
The emperor Caesar […] Hadrianus Antonius […], pontifex maximus (high priest), with tribunician power (people’s tribune), twice imperator, four times consul […] September 27th […] has granted to the Briton Ivonercus, son of Molax, infantryman of the 1st Ulpian cohort of Britons 1,000-strong under Lucius Nonius Bessus[…] citizenship. […]
Military diploma from Mehadia, AD 154, simplified version
a.
What does the diploma say about Ivonercus?
b.
Why are all the names and titles important?
c.
When would Ivonercus need this diploma?
a
b
c
Exercise 3
S
Read Romanisation (Theory C). In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources.
a.
What is Romanisation?
b.
Look at the source below. Is this an example of Romanisation?
Roman Baths in Bath, England
a
b
Exercise 4
a.
What two things did people in the Roman empire always have to do?
b.
Which of these two things did the Jews and Christians refuse to do? Explain why.
a
b
Exercise 5
Read Batavians in the personal guard of the emperor (Theory D).
a.
What language did the Batavians speak?
b.
Is the fact that there were letters in Latin from Batavians proof of their Romanisation? Explain your answer.
c.
The Romans made sure that troops were rotated. This meant that Batavians from the Netherlands were keeping the peace in England instead of the Netherlands. Why did the Romans prefer to use Batavians in England rather than in the Netherlands? Explain your answer.
a
b
c
Exercise 6
Read Bread and Games (Theory E).
a.
What did Caesar mean by “Give them bread and games”?
b.
Entertainment in the amphitheatres included gladiators fighting to the death, animal fights and executions. Would you consider this sport?
S
c.
In this exercise you will practise Skill 4: Comparing historical situations. Gladiators could become rich and famous. Is that so very different from professional athletes today? Explain your answer.
a
b
c
Exercise 7
S
Read Roman culture in the Netherlands (Theory F). In this exercise you will practise Skill 7: Drawing conclusions from studying sources.
a.
Look at source 4.25. Is this temple an example of Romanisation? Explain your answer.
b.
The Batavian god Magusanus was called Hercules (or even Hercules-Magusanus) by the Romans. Why do you think they gave him this name?
c.
What does it say about the relationship between Rome and the Batavians that the Romans rebuilt the temple in 110 AD?
a
b
c
Exercise 8
Read Pax Romana (Theory G).
a.
What three benefits did the Roman empire offer for trade?
b.
Why is it important that there was a coin made by the Roman state?
c.
Rich Romans used some of their wealth to do public good. How were the buildings they paid for, used for the public good?
a
b
c
Exercise 9
Read Conflict with the Germanic tribes (Theory H). In this exercise you will practise Skill 11: Linking sources to a characteristic aspect.
a.
When did the conflict between Rome and the Germanic tribes start and why? (If you need to review this topic, you can find it in Gaius Marius (Theory C).)
b.
In the first century AD, what did the Germanic tribes want?
c.
During Augustus’s reign the Romans tried to conquer Germany, but failed. Where did that leave the relationship between Rome and the Germanic tribes?
a
b
c
Exercise 10
Explain how we can say that Rome grew more because of Romanisation than it did by its conquests.
Exercise 11
S
In this exercise you will practise Skill 4: Comparing historical situations. Discuss with a partner: do you think our approach to America is very different from how Romans were seen by non-Romans 2,000 years ago? Explain your answer.
Modern reconstruction of the city that the Romans built and that would become Nijmegen.
Slide 25 - Slide
6. What is Romanisation?
Slide 26 - Open question
7. Is this an example of romanisation?
Explain your answer..
Explain your answer..
The Pont du Gard is a famous Roman aqueduct in the south of France, built in the 1st century.
Slide 27 - Open question
8. What is the Latin term for the long period of relative peace in the Roman Empire?
A
Pax Augustae
B
Pax Populesque
C
Pax Romana
D
Pax Senatus
Slide 28 - Quiz
9a. Which word does not fit in with the other three?
A
patrician
B
plebeian
C
powerful
D
rich
Slide 29 - Quiz
9b. Explain why the word that you chose did not fit in with the other words.
Slide 30 - Open question
10a. Which word does not fit in with the other three?
A
amphitheater
B
aqueduct
C
pyramid
D
thermae
Slide 31 - Quiz
10b. Explain why the word that you chose did not fit in with the other words.
Slide 32 - Open question
11a. Which word does not fit in with the other three?
A
germanic men serving in the Roman army
B
rejecting the Roman way of life
C
romanisation of conquered lands
D
wearing Roman clothes
Slide 33 - Quiz
11b. Explain why the word that you chose did not fit in with the other words.
Slide 34 - Open question
12a. Which word does not fit in with the other three?
A
Germanic tribes attacking Rome
B
Pax Romana in the empire
C
safe to travel
D
two centuries of peace
Slide 35 - Quiz
12b. Explain why the word that you chose did not fit in with the other words.
Slide 36 - Open question
Slide 37 - Video
Slide 38 - Video
congratulations
Slide 39 - Slide
Slide 40 - Video
Drag the names (A - F) and the pictures (G - L) to the correct building
amphitheatre
hippodrome
fortress
triumphal arch
theatre
aquaduct
G
H
I
J
K
L
Slide 41 - Drag question
write down 5 examples of Roman culture from the video
