4.4 Islam

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• Middelbare school
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• Leerjaar 1

De Islam

4.  Islam

How did the church and the Frankish kings helped each other?

Leervragen

1. Welke boodschap kreeg Mohammed van de engel?
   
2. Wat is de hedsjra?
   
3. Hoe verspreidde de islam zich na de dood van Mohammed?
   
4. Wat gebeurde er met christenen en joden in de gebieden die door aanhangers van de islam werden veroverd?
   
5. Op welke manieren waren de Arabieren verder ontwikkeld dan de Europeanen? Noem vijf.  

Leerdoel: Hoe ontstond de islam en hoe heeft deze nieuwe goddienst zich verspreid?

Many Gods or one God?

• In the sixth century, the Arabs believed in hundreds of gods.
  
• In the city of Mecca stood the Ka'aba: a large black stone.
  
• At this place, the Arabs worshipped their gods.
  
• People, including many traders from other countries, also visited the Ka'aba and prayed to their gods there.
  
• Mecca was located at a crossroads of trade routes and was an important trading city.

Muhammed 

• Muhammad was a trader from Mecca.
  
• In a dream, a vision, an angel told him that there is only one God, Allah.
  
• Muhammad told the people in Mecca about his dream, but almost no one wanted to listen to him.
  
• Most people wanted nothing to do with Muhammad and drove him and his followers out of the city.

From Mecca to Medina 

Year: 622

• Muhammad fled to Medina.
  
• This marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, the Hijra.
  
• In this city lived many Jews and Christians, who also believed in one God (monotheism).
  
• Muhammad, who called himself the prophet of Allah, gained many followers.
  
• They called themselves Muslims, and their religion Islam.

Back to Mecca

Year: 630

• With a large group of Muslims, Muhammad returned to Mecca (630).
  
• There was fighting, and Muhammad won.
  
• Many residents of Mecca then converted to Islam.
  
• Muhammad decreed that people at the Ka'aba were only allowed to pray to Allah from then on.

In which year are we living according to the Islamic calendar?

1. 2640
2. 1402
3. 622
4. 1854

Where does the Islamic faith come from?

1. Saudi Arabia
2. China
3. Spain
4. Turkey

The Islam knows...

1. 1 god
2. 2 gods
3. 3 gods
4. 4 gods

Mohammed is...

1. The founder and most important prophet of Islam.
2. The founder of Islam and the son of God
3. The most important prophet of Islam and the son of God
4. The same as Allah

Which religion is the oldest

1. Christianity
2. Islam
3. Judiaism

The Islam

• Islam means "submission."
  
• The most important book is the Quran or Qur'an (القرآن).
  
• According to Muslims, the words in the Arabic language were revealed by Allah through the angel Jibriel (Gabriel) to Muhammad.
  
• Additionally, a Muslim must (as much as possible) adhere to the Five Pillars, which are religious obligations.
  
• The Friday prayer in a mosque is obligatory for men.

Five pillars of the islam

creed (sjahada)

الشهادة

ritual prayers (salat)

الصّلاة

give to the poor (zakat)

زكاة

ramadan

(saum)

رمضان

pelgrimage 

(hadj)

الحجّ

The spread of the Islam Year 632

• After the death of Muhammad (632), his successors, the caliphs, conquered large parts of the Middle East and North Africa. (fierce fighters)
  
• Most people in these regions became Muslim. (within 25 years)
  
• Weak empires such as those of the Byzantines and Persians were easily conquered.

Battle of Poitiers

732

• The Franks and the Arabs regularly invaded each other's territories.
  
• In 732, their armies fought at the French town of Poitiers.
  
• Charles Martel, the grandfather of Charlemagne, led the Franks.
  
• His army was larger and his soldiers knew the terrain.
  
• The Arabs were defeated and would never again advance so far north.

soennitisch

sjiitisch

ibadisch

Kalief Harun Al Rashid

• Hoofdstad Bagdad: 1 miljoen inwoners
  
  
• Handel met andere delen in de wereld zoals Afrika, India en China. Ook geloofsverspreiding 
  
  
• Bankensysteem
  
• Ambtenarenapparaat
  
• Belangstelling voor Griekse filosofen en geleerden

The spread of Islam

• The empire fragmented into various Islamic states.
  
• Christians and Jews were allowed to keep their own faith because they also believed in one God.
  
• However, they had to pay a special tax.

Kalief Harun al-Rashid 

Highlight of the Arabic culture

Learning from each other 

• Through their conquests, the Arabs gathered a lot of knowledge.
  
• Medicine: the Arabs knew that many diseases could be prevented through good hygiene.
  
• Mathematics: the Arabs learned that calculations were much easier with the numbers 0 through 9 than with Roman numerals.
  
• Geography: Arab scholars collected and combined the world's knowledge into accurate topographical maps.

Leervragen hoofdstuk 6 

1. - Noem verbeteringen van Karel de Grote op het gebied van rechtspraak, bestuur, handel en wetenschap. 
2. - Wat gebeurde er na zijn dood met het rijk van Karel de Grote? 
3. - Wie waren de Noormannen? 
4. - Waarom kwam er rond het jaar 1000 een einde aan de strooptochten van de Noormannen?
5.  - Hoe zorgde het leenstelsel ervoor dat het bestuur van Europa steeds chaotischer werd? 
6. - Hoe zagen de eerste kastelen eruit? 
7. - Hoe zagen de kastelen van de latere middeleeuwen eruit

Put the right keyword with the right pillar

Christianity 

Islam

both

Mohammed

Monotheism

church

mosque

Mecca

Bible

Jezus

Koran

What is the hedsjra?

1. The flight from Mohammed out of Mecca
2. The birth of the prophet Mohammed
3. The beginning of the Islamic calendar
4. The holy war

Make the right combinations

Holy book for the muslims

The city Muhammed fled from in 622

The God of muslims

The city Muhammed fled to in 622

A group of people who believed Muhammed told the truth

Koran

Mecca

muslims

Allah

Medina