Anatomy is the study of the parts and structures of the body.
Physiology, often confused with anatomy, is the study of the function of the body.
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Anatomy
Physiology
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Early Anatomy
Anatomy comes from the greek word "to cut up".
Early anatomy has been practiced in ancient cultures since several thousands of years before Christ.
Anatomy often consisted of dissecting animals such as pigs and drawing the different structures they found.
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Early Anatomy
The ancient greek Philospher, Hippocrates, is considered the father of medicine.
This is partially due to his support of the school of anatomy.
The modern hippocratic oath is based upon his philosophies.
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Hippocratic Oath
The hippocratic oath, the modern one, is used to swear in new doctors in America.
In Europe this oath is not mandatory but has become more and more fashionable with new doctors.
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Modern Oath
The modern hippocratic oath differs greatly from the original, however a very popular phrase that is often quoted within the medical world is:
"I will do no harm"
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Fun fact
During the writing of the original Hippocratic oath, Hippocrates forbade physicians to perform surgeries.
As you can imagine the lack of anesthesia and infection prevention made surgery extremely risky.
He specifically spoke of patients "suffering from stone", in which he meant kidney stones.
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Fun fact
This addition to the hippocratic oath defined urology, the study of the kidneys, urine bladder and urine system, as the first medical specialisation.
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Fun fact
The original Hippocratic Oath, translated from the Greek, reads
'I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.'
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First Human Dissection
The first human dissection was done in the third century B.C. (300 years before Christ). In Alexandria.
However after the rise of the Catholic church human dissections were forbidden for centuries to come.
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16th and 17th Century
During the renaissance (1500 -1600) Anatomy and human dissection came back into fashion, however it was still forbidden to practice.
Therefore physcians stole the bodies of convicted criminals to dissect in secret.v
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Renaissance
During this time the "4 humours" theory, in which diseases were attributed to an imbalance of Blood, Yellow bile, Black bile and phlegm, went out of practice.
Several discoveries, such as that blood circulates through the arteries, were done in this time thanks to the illegal dissections.
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19th century
During the 19th Century the theory of cells was discovered, as well as the germ theory of disease. Where they discribed bacteria for the first time.
Before this it was believed that sickness was spread through foul smells, not through contact with sick people.
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19th century
Florence Nightingale, the mother of modern Nursing, rebelled against the germ theory untill her last breath. Stating that her practice of cleanliness, fresh air and sunshine prevented disease.
Little did she know she was , in a way, actually proving germ theory.
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Public Dissection
Finding a corpse for dissections during the renaissance was rare, thus many physcians were invited.
Giving rise to this beautiful painting by Dutch master van der Meer.
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Louis Pasteur
One of the first scientists to describe the germ theory of disease.
"Pasteurized milk", milk where germs have been boiled out of, was named after dr. Pasteur.
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Florence Nightingale
An aristocratic lady who was the first to describe "nursing" as a specialty of it's own, instead of being the "help" of physcians.
Lesson duration is: 50 min
