Unit 2 Nutrition and digestion

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Food that contain a lot of protein

Unit 2 Nutrition and digestion

Nutrition and digestion

How would you describe your eating lifestyle? Healthy or unhealthy?

learning objective

• You can name the functions of nutrients in foods.
• You know 6 groups of nutrients with their functions and characteristics.

Nutrients: usable components in food

Dietary fibre: are indigestible parts of the plants 

Plant- based products

Animal- based products

Foodstuffs (nutrients)

Function of Nutrients

• Building blocks: grow/develop/repair
• Fuels/Energy-rich: by respiration in cells to provide energy
• protection: to stay healty  

6 groups of foodstuff (nutrients)

carbohydrates

fats

proteins

minerals

vitamins

Water

Nutrients can have four different functions:

1. Fuel (brandstof)

2. Buildingblocks

3. Reserves

4. Protection

Proteins

• Important building blocks: 
• For example when cytoplasm is formed 
• Works as buildingblocks and fuel

Carbohydrates

• includes: glucose, sugars, starch, glycogen
• at first they are used as fuel
• than: buildingblocks and reserves
• glucose high: converted into glycogen                                                                           and stored in liver and muscles.
• glucose drops: glycogeen converted into  glucose and released into the bloodstream

fats

• primarily used as fuel 
• also as buildingblock or reserves
• reserves are stored beneath your skin
• the subcutaneous fatlayer becomes                                                     thicker.
• mostly you eat more fat than you need

Te veel vet -> slechtere werking

Water

• Your body is made up of 60-70% water
• has a key role in transporting substances around your body
• most substances can be only transported properly if they are dissolved  

Minerals 

- Building blocks. Like calcium for strong bones

- For protection

- not to much each day

- Iron for production of red bloodcells

and more oxygen

Vitamins

• buildingblocks and protection
• without you will become ill
• consuming large quantities will make you ill as well

-A: producing skin and seeing well

-B12: Red bloodcells

-C: resistance

-D: Strong bones

Healty food

• What is the basis for healty eating?
• The basic for healty nutrition is variation (wheel of 5)
• Also the food has to be safe. Not contaminated with germs. 
• Food poisoning: germs, bacteria, chemicals (see 7.5!!)

• omega 3 for your health
• containing harmful substances because of environmental pollution.
• Seespiracy: 2021 netflix 

www.bbc.com

Advice for healty eating

• Wheel of five: each part for                                                                     daily basis
• saturated fats: animal fat
• unsaturated fats: fish and                                                                           vegetable oil 

www.voedingscentrum.nl

the digestive system

digestive system

excists of an intestinal tract

to let nutriens be absorbed into the bloodtream

glucose, minerals, vitamines, water

proteins, carbohydrates, fat have to be digested first

digestion =  converting products to be able to absorb into the bloodstream

The route through the digestive tract:

1. oral cavity                            tongue and salivary glands
2. oesophagus
3. stomach
4. duodenum                         gall bladder, liver and pancreas
5. small intestines
6. large intestines                 appendix
7. rectum
8. anus

Enzymes

Peritalsis & peristaltic movement

the digestive organs 

• oral Cavity 
• stomach
• liver, gall bladder and pancreas
• small intestines
• large intestines 

Explain the function!

the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus

what are the names of the glands together? what do they do?

• salvary glands produces salvia: containing water, enzymes and mucus

stomach

• circular + longitudinal muscle for constantly movement
• pyloric sphincter is a circular muscle who close off the stomach
• the gastric gland produces gastric juices: containing: water, enzymes to digest proteins and hydrochloric acid to kill germs  

• liver produces bile (gal)
• bile is temporarily stored in the gall bladder
• bile passes through the bile duct when necessary
• bile emulsifies fats to make it easier for enzymes to digest.

• The wall of the intestines contains intestinal glands. They produce intestinal juice.
• various enzymes digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins
• the wall is convoluted, the intestinal folds in turn have protrusions called intestinal villi. 
  
• the wall of the intestinal villi is very thin. nutrients can pass easily 

• direct after the small intestines the caecum. (blinde darm). 
• the protrusion is called the appendix.
• inflamed in appendicitis; the appendix will be surgically removed. 
• In the large intestine water is extracted from the pulp. 
• If not -> Diarrhea
• Only undigested residues left over
• Bacteria are able to digest some cellulose and turn is into glucose
• glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream.