5B fast track to fluency

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5B: Fast track to fluency

How do people learn a language?

Which languages do you master?

Advice, obligation and prohibition

Ex. 3 Study the sentences in exercise 2. Then complete the rules with the modal verbs in bold.

We use shouldn't, ... and ... to give advice.

We use ... to express necessity or an 'internal' obligation.

We use have to and ... to express necessity or an 'external' obligation.

We use ... to express prohibition.

We use don't have to, ... and ... to express lack of obligation or necessity.

Reference and practice 5.1 (WB p. 117)

Advice

• should/shouldn't + inf. 

You should have a dictionary but you shouldn't use it every time.

• ought to + inf. (more formal)

You ought to listen more to the teacher.

• had better (not) + inf. (also used to give a warning)

You'd better talk to her about the problem.

Obligation

• must + inf. (internal obligation)

I must write to thank my grandmother for the money she sent me.

• have to + inf. (external obligation: strong)

All students have to be at school by 8.00.

• need to + inf. (external obligation: mild; fulfilling it will benefit the speaker)

I need to finish my work by Saturday because I want to go out on Sunday.

• don't have to/needn't/don't need to + inf. (lack of obligation)

You have to dress smartly for the wedding but you don't have to wear a hat.

Prohibition

• mustn't + inf. (strong prohibition)

You mustn't copy my essay! That's cheating.

1

2

3

4

5

6

must work

needn't work

shouldn't work

mustn't work

should work

have to work

Ex. 2
Rewrite sentence 1.

Ex. 2
Rewrite sentence 2.

Ex. 2
Rewrite sentence 3.

Ex. 2
Rewrite sentence 4.

Ex. 2
Rewrite sentence 5.

Ex. 2
Rewrite sentence 6.

SB p. 58

Ex. 4, sentence 1
Choose the correct answer.

shouldn't

needn't

Ex. 4, sentence 1
Choose the correct answer.

need to

must

Ex. 4, sentence 2
Choose the correct answer.

need to

must

Ex. 4, sentence 2
Choose the correct answer.

don't need to

had better not

Ex. 4, sentence 3
Choose the correct answer.

needn't

mustn't

Ex. 4, sentence 3
Choose the correct answer.

had better

doesn't have to

Ex. 4, sentence 4
Choose the correct answer.

ought to

must

Ex. 4, sentence 4
Choose the correct answer.

mustn't

don't have to

Ex. 5

experiences of trying different language learning methods

Ex. 6
express regret or to say what was the right thing to do was

1. needn't have
2. didn't have to, didn't need to
3. needed to, had to
4. shouldn't have, ought to have, should have

Ex. 6
say that something was necessary

1. needn't have
2. didn't have to, didn't need to
3. needed to, had to
4. shouldn't have, ought to have, should have

Ex. 6
say that something wasn't necessary (and probably didn't happen)

1. needn't have
2. didn't have to, didn't need to
3. needed to, had to
4. shouldn't have, ought to have, should have

Ex. 6
say that something which happened wasn't necessary

1. needn't have
2. didn't have to, didn't need to
3. needed to, had to
4. shouldn't have, ought to have, should have

Reference and practice p. 117
past modals

Regret

• should have/shouldn't have/ought to have + pp

He shouldn't have been so rude to her. He should have apologised for his behaviour.  

--> He was rude and he didn't apologise.

to express regret/disapproval about smt in the past and to say what the right thing to do was

Necessity

• needed to/had to + inf.

We needed to speak to the administrator before we could join the class.

to express smt was necessary in the past

Lack of necessity

• didn't have to + inf.

They didn't have to take an exam at the end of the course. (so they didn't)

--> smt was not necessary and it didn't happen

• needn't have + pp

We needn't have run to the station. (but we did) The train was delayed, so we had time.
--> smt was not necessary but it did happen

• didn't need to + inf.

We didn't need to bring a book on the train. We spent the journey chatting.
--> smt was not necessary; it can mean it did/didn't happen

They ... her bag. She was very upset about it.

didn't have to hide

shouldn't have hidden

We ... to the cinema. The bus service is excellent. Now we can't find a parking space!

needn't have driven

didn't have to drive

You ... an umbrella. You're soaking wet!

should have brought

didn't need to bring

I ... any food for the party, so I didn't.

needn't have made

didn't have to make

They ... their car in the car park and walk from there to the theatre.

had to leave

should have left

He ... up earlier. Now he's going to be late.

ought to have woken

didn't have to wake up

Ex. 7, p. 59: rewrite