step 4 test dyslexia version

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 3

In this test we'll deal with the most important grammar issues in StSt 1-4

confusing tenses

passive voice

relative clauses and pronouns

confusing tenses 

Past Simple vs Present Perfect

Past Simple is called the closed past: It refers to an exact event, which is over and done

Present Perfect is used for events that started in the past 

and still go on or still have a result now.

It is called the open past.

Here is an example about the difference:

Yesterday I bought a new car. ( you stress that it happened yesterday)

I have bought a new car ( you don't refer to the exact date but you stress that you are now the possessor of a new car, in other words the result)

In English you say: I have lived here for 10 years now.

For us Dutch people this sounds as if it is over, In English it doesn't

Last night I ...
(lose) my keys - I had to call my flatmate to let me in

I ...
(visit) Paris three times.

I
I ....
(know) Julie for three years - we still meet once a month

I ...
(finish) my exams finally - I'm so happy!

She
...
(live) in London when she was a child.

I think Ajax ...win the game.

My horoscope says that I ... meet an old friend this week.

This is my last day here. I ... travel back to England tomorrow.

We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle.:

I make a cake. A cake is made (by me).

I made a cake. A cake was made (by me)

 I have made a cake. A cake has been made (by me).

 I will make a cake. A cake will be made (by me)

 I am making a cake. A cake is being made (by me).

Put into the passive:
Somebody stole my bike.

Put into the passive:
I was making an English test

Put into the passive:
I have bought a new house

relative clauses : use 

who--people

which -- animals and things

that --both (informal)

relative clause is absolutely necessary and the relative pronouns is not the subject>>> you can leave it out

This is the shirt I bought last week

This the man, the police arrested yesterday

For people there are two other forms of who:

whose - expresses possessive

The man, whose car was damaged was very sad.

whom for objects - this is a bit old-fashioned/ foral

To whom this may concern (old fashioned salutation if you don't know who you are writing to)

This is the bank...
was robbed yesterday.

A man ... mobile was ringing did not know what to do.

There is the bridge ...
we have to cross.

This is the ring ... I found yesterday.