6.5 New Imperialism

• History
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

6.5 New Imperialism

• Recap 6.3
• Explanation 6.5
• Self-study (prepare for the test) 

Schoolstrijd

= langdurig conflict over betaling bijzonder onderwijs.

Protestanten & katholieken (voor)

Liberalen & socialisten (tegen)

NEW IMPERIALISM

Period of intensified imperialistic expansion from the latter half of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The renewed push to expand territorial control included not only the earlier colonial powers of western Europe but also newcomers such as Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States.

WORLDMAP 1700

“Imperial Federation,–Map of the World Showing the Extent

of the British Empire in 1886”

LE

LED TO...

... THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

The scramble for Africa

But the British were not the only players. A race for imperialistic power started in which France and the Netherlands expanded the colonies they already owned. Belgium, Italy and Germany joined in after the Berlin Conference in 1885. During this conference, the representatives of fifteen European countries discussed how Africa should be divided amongst them. At this scramble for Africa, no representatives of African tribes were invited. The borders of forty new countries were drawn on the map with straight lines through centuries old tribal areas and borders. Suddenly hostile tribes were about to share one country while other tribes were divided over different countries. In many states this led to a lot of tension among the population.

The conference of Berlin, as illustrated in 'Illustrierte Zeitung', 1884 [WikiCommons]

summarize

1. explain how the Berlin conference caused the "scramble for Africa".
2. what were the effects of European colonisation of Africa for African tribes?

CULTURAL MOTIVE: CIVILISATION

CAUSE: superiority thinking 

(military / scientifically)

=> A White Man's Burden 

=> duty to civilise

=> Civilisation justifies use violence

Christianity: 

=> save the Africans

Justification through stereotypes: primitive, underdeveloped, dumb, lazy, dirty, wild, cannibalistic

POLITICAL MOTIVE: NATIONALISM

- nation states 19th century

- rise of nationalism

- national identity & pride

- rivalry

ECONOMICAL MOTIVE: COMMERCE

- simultaneity Industrial  Revolution 

   & capitalism 

=> resources/raw materials needed

=> sales market

- exploitation: forced labour

A statue of Queen Victoria in India. India was a British colony.

There are more statues of Victoria in modern India than in Britain

The night of the proms....

6.5 New Imperialism

• Self-study (prepare for the test) 
• Read, make flashcards, make online exercises, summarize, watch lessonup-lessons

Native people working for their Dutch masters during the cultivation system in the Dutch Indies (Indonesia)

Building an empire in Asia (1)

In the Age of Discoverers, the Europeans had founded trading posts and colonies in Asia. England had conquered India, France had taken over Indo-China, and Portugal still held on to a few bases in Asia. During the Golden Age, the VOC started the Dutch rule on the Indonesian islands; but when the VOC went bankrupt in 1799, the Dutch government took over their possessions. From that moment, the colony was called the Dutch-Indies. Control over the Indonesian archipelago made the Dutch wealthy and a great imperialistic player in the world. In order to get as much profit as possible, the Dutch started the cultivation system (Dutch: ‘cultuurstelsel’) in 1830. Indonesian farmers were forced to use 20% of their soil to grow crops for the Dutch government, such as tea, sugar and coffee. 

summarize

1. Since when do we speak of the "Dutch Indies"?
2. Explain the cultivation system (and why it was established)

 Indonesian farmer in de Dutch East Indies, c. 1900.

Building an empire in Asia (2)

If their land was not suitable they had to work for the government for 66 days. Local rulers were allowed to collect the taxes, and they even got bonuses, which led to exploitation of the farmers. The cultivation system led to famine and poverty and made the Dutch very unpopular.

Some inhabitants of Indonesian islands kept resisting imperialism, such as the people of Aceh. The Dutch army was technologically superior, but the local inhabitants resisted bravely. The Aceh war was the bloodiest war in Dutch colonial history. The natives defended their island in a war that lasted from 1873 until 1914. Historians estimate that it took the lives of more than a hundred thousand people.

Lieutenant General J.B. van Heutsz with his staff during the attack on Aceh, March 12, 1901.

summarize

1. explain who helped the Dutch to exploit the farmers (+ how and why).
2. why was the Aceh war fought? (+ who against who?)

Effects of imperialism

Imperialism had an enormous impact on the European nations and their colonies. The Europeans changed the economy of colonies into a monoculture, in which a country mainly grows one kind of crop. They also changed the landscape when they built mines, railways and a road network in order to move products fast and easily. Cities were built according to European architecture, and at schools the children were taught about Christianity, European values and languages.

In these newly formded countries, the traditional culture was replaced with European culture. The Europeans also established an administrative order, which sometimes brought internal peace and gave children the chance to study. These highly educated natives later led the rebellion against their oppressors.

summarize

1. summarize the impact that imperialism had on their colonies. use key words for example
2. explain how giving native children the chance to study, later backfired on the colonizing countries.

A house in European style at Java, 1865.

Christian missionaries were part of European colonization. When Germany acquired colonies, German missionaries went there to educate and Christianize the indigenous peoples in the name of German culture. Here is the first-grade class in a missionary school (elementary school) in Windhuk, Southwest Africa around 1910.

Multatuli

Not every Dutch person supported the colonial rule in the Dutch Indies. In 1860 the book Max Havelaar was published. It was written by Multatuli. He had worked in the Dutch Indies as a civil servant and had seen and heard about the wrongdoings of the cultivation system. This motivated him to quit his job and return to Europe. There, he wrote about all the abuses of the Dutch government. The book became a bestseller. It showed the readers that the Netherlands were wealthy because others suffered. Max Havelaar initiated the end of the cultivation system in 1870.

Multatuli is the pseudonym of Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820-1887). It is Latin for ‘I have suffered much.’

6.5 New Imperialism

• Self-study (prepare for the test) 
• Read, make flashcards, make online exercises, summarize, watch lessonup-lessons

Railways and mines

Monoculture

Higher education

European schools

10. Read "Effects of imperialism"

Drag the words  to the correct place in the table.

European culture

industrialisation

one type of crop

rebellion

liberalism

socialism

16. Drag the words left to the correct place.

No economic restrictions from government

Redistribute wealth

Poor people

Protection by the government

Rich people

freedom of opinion

Trias Politica, three powers:

legislative

executive

judicial

who?

who?

who?

what they do:

what they do:

what they do:

carry out the laws

parliament

judges

punish those who break the law

make the laws

government

IMPERIALISM

COLONIALISM

colony

mother country

Read "Economical and political reasons for imperialism"

3a. Drag the words to the correct place.

factories

raw materials & fossil fuels

finished goods

market

3b. Which of the following reasons for imperialism
does this source illustrate?

1. economical reasons
2. cultural reasons
3. political reasons
4. all three categories