CH2 par. 2.5 Burghers in control vht2a 24-5-2023

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Welcome class VHT2a

CH2. The age of Regents and Monarchs

The Golden Age

par. 2.3 Burghers in control

Learning objectives

Main question: Who were in control in the Republic?

• You can explain how other European countries were governed in the seventeenth century.
  
• You can explain how the Republic was administrated.
• You can explain that the form of government of the Republic was unique for that time.
• You can explain what the causes and consequences of the Year of disasters (Rampjaar) were.
  
• You can explain that the stadholder and regents had conflicting interests in the administration.
• You know the terms and dates from this section.
  

Absolutism

In the seventeenth century most European countries were monarchies.

• State administrated by a king.
• Kingship is hereditary.

Charles X (Sweden)

Absolutism

In the seventeenth century Louis XIV (Le roi soleil) and other monarchs managed to increase their power and reduced the nobility's power. 

Absolutism

Form of government in which the king is totally in control.

Louis XIV (France)

Absolutism

According to absolutism the king's power is given by God.

Divine right made the king inviolable. The king's laws were God's decrees.

Charles I (England)

The government of the Republic

In the Republic there was no king or other ruler.

Small group of wealthy citizens was in charge of the city governments and Provincial States: regents.

The government of the Republic

Provinces were largely independent. All had their own laws.

States General

• Only foreign politics, defence of the country andgovernment of generality lands and colonies.
• Every province had one vote, but in practice Holland the most powerful (wealthiest province, paid most for army and fleet).

The government of the Republic

Important officials

• Stadholder ('Holland branch')

Army commander and could appoint administrators in some cities.

• Grand pensionary (raadpensionaris) of Holland

Highest official of Holland, advised the States-General on foreign policies of the Republic and maintained contact with other countries.

Regents and stadholder

During the Revolt stadholders, like Maurits and Frederik Hendrik, had status and power.

In 1648 Peace of Münster (peace with Spain). Many regents wanted peace, because war was expensive and bad for trade. Also, they wanted to reduce the power of the stadholder.

In 1650 the army was reduced by the regents. 

Regents and stadholder

Stadholder William II wanted to continue fighting and when the regents reduced the army this led to a conflict.

When William II suddenly died in 1650 the regents decided against appointing a new stadholder. (First Stadholderless Period).

Year of disasters

In the Year of disasters (Rampjaar) 1672 the Republic was attacked from three sides by England, France, Münster and Cologne.

Year of disasters

Causes:

• England wanted to take over the Republic's trade at sea; 
• France wanted to expand his territory as far as the Rhine;
• Both countries wanted to break the Republic's power.

Progression:

• At sea, admiral Michiel de Ruyter beat the English;
• The French en German armies occupied big parts of the Republic. Their advance stopped at the Waterline.

Year of disasters

Consequences: 

• William III became stadholder;
• Johan de Witt resigned as Grand Pensionary (and was murdered);
• End of the Golden Age for the Republic, because France and England continued fighting wars.  Negative effect on trade. Higher taxes needed to pay for the army.

The bodies of the De Witt brothers

Bloeiperiode van de Republiek tussen 1588-1672.

Holland (Amsterdam) werd centrum wereldhandel.

• economische bloei
• culturele bloei (kunst en wetenschap)

Get to work

What? Read + Complete ex. 1 to 7 of par. 2.3 = homework for nex lesson

How? On youw own

Need help? Ask neighbour. Can't figure it out? Ask teacher. 

Time? Until the end of the lesson. 

Done? Learn terms and dates. 

Learning objectives

Main question: Who were in control in the Republic?

• You can explain how other European countries were governed in the seventeenth century.
  
• You can explain how the Republic was administrated.
• You can explain that the form of government of the Republic was unique for that time.
• You can explain what were the causes and consequences of the Year of disasters (Rampjaar).
  
• You can explain that the stadholder and regent had conflicting interests in the administration.
• You know the terms and dates from this section.