CH4 sec. 4.2 Industrial society

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• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Memo havo 2 TTO

CH4 The age of citizens and steam engines

The Industrial Revolution

sec. 4.2 Industrial society

Industrial Revolution

1750-1850

A major turning point in world history

Learning objectives

1) I can explain what working and living conditions were like for the workers.

2) I can explain what a class society is and how it differs from a society of estates.

3) I can name five important inventions that appeared in the nineteenth century.

Work in the first factories

19th century 100,000s of people moved to industrial areas. Living and working conditions were poor.

In the cottage industry people organised their own work and time. In the factories this was determined by the boss and the machine.

Employers wanted to make as much profit as possible (long working days for low wages).

 

Work in the first factories

Working conditions

• Low wages. Monotonous and unskilled work. Women and children (earned even lower wages)
• Long workdays (only Sunday 's off)
• Foul air in factories and noise of machines.
• Dangerous and unhealthy work. Hardly any safety measures.
  
• Sick worker received no pay.
• Protesting or demonstrating was useless. You would be fired.
  

Living near the factory

First industrial area arose in northwest England.

First factories were built next to fast-flowing rivers, ports or coal and iron ore fields

Urbanization

Where towns and cities grow quickly, and fewer people live in the countryside.

Labourers lived in working-class neighbourhoods close to factories.

1750

Living near the factory

Living conditions:

• Air pollution near factories
• Tiny dark homes of poor quality
• Filthy streets, no sewerage, no clean drinking water and poor hygiene
• Cholera and other contagious diseases
• Because of the hard work, the bad food and the unhealthy living condition workers did not grow old.
• High mortality rate infants and toddlers.
  
• Children did not go to school

Class society

Economic change around 1800:

• Before 1800 was commercial/ merchant capitalism important: businessmen made a profit from trade.
• After rise of factories: businessmen made a profit by making goods. 

Capitalism: Economic system in which businessmen make profits mainly from producing goods and are not restricted by laws and rules.

The class society

Industrialization transformed society from a society of estates into a class society.

Work, income and property determined your class.

Class society

Three social classes:

• Rich business owners: bourgeoisie or wealthy citizens.
  

  - Had capital (factories, money, machines)

  - Lived in large houses in suburbs with clean streets, parks and good schools.

• Middle class (educated people)
  

  - Educated office staff, shopkeepers and teachers. Better off than workers.

• Working class (largest class)
  

  - No possessions (land, home or business).

New inventions

Because of industrialization society changed very fast. There

were many new inventions that improved people's lives.

• Internal combustion engine (diesel and petrol) replaced 

the steam engine and led to the invention of the car.

• New ways of making steel. Steel is much stronger than ordinary iron.
• Lighting was improved with the introduction of the gaslight and later the electric light..
• Electricity was used for domestic appliances, gas for heating. 
• Communication: telegraph and later the telephone.
  
• Medicine: hygiene, vaccination and how to anaesthetize people during operations.
• Chemists invented fertilizers.

Inventions led to the idea of progress (vooruitgang): life would get better and better.

What doesn't match the working conditions of the workers?

1. Low wages
2. Long working days
3. Filthy streets, no sewers and no clean drinking water.
4. Protesting or demonstrating made little difference. You'd get fired.

What doesn't match the living conditions of the workers?

1. Workers did not grow old.
2. Cholera and other contagious diseases
3. Air pollution because the houses were near the factories.
4. Work in the factory was dangerous and unhealthy.

What matches 19th century capitalism?
1) No taxes for businesses
2) No minimum wage
3) Investing profit in safety measures
4) Ban on child labour

1. 1 and 2
2. 1 and 3
3. 2 and 3
4. 3 and 4

Which groups did the industrial society consist of?

1. Rich business owners, farmers, workers
2. Rich business owners, middle class, workers
3. Rich business owners, middle class, slaves
4. Middle class, farmers, slaves

Get to work

What? See whiteboard.

How? Alone 

Help? Ask neighbour. Can't figure it out? Ask teacher. 

Time? Until the end of the lesson. 

Done? Learn terms and dates. Ask teacher.