4H Grammar Unit 14 (suffix, direct/indirect speech, passive voice)

2. Reported Speech

-> When you want to say what someone else said:

2 options: 

A. John said: 'I think Jack the Ripper was a woman.'

• DIRECT SPEECH

B. John said that he thought Jack the Ripper was a woman.

• REPORTED SPEECH

LOOK AT THE CHANGES:

DIRECT SPEECH:

A. John said: 'I think Jack the Ripper was a woman.'

REPORTED SPEECH:

B. John said (that) he thought Jack the Ripper was a woman.

VERB: from present simple -> past simple

pronouns!! I - he, she, ...

More Examples:

Sarah: 'I am living in London.' -> She said (that) she was living in London.

John: 'I bought a car.' -> He said (that) he had bought a car.

Miley: 'I have lived here since 2017.' -> she said she had lived here since 2017.

word 'said' can also be replaced with: told, asked...

EXERCISE: 

1. PRESENT SIMPLE:

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/simple_present_sentences.htm

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-10.html

3. Past Simple

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercise-9.html

Reported speech:

... said that...

1. Benjamin: "I often have a big hamburger."

2. Hannah: "They lived in Boston."

3. Tyler: "Ian didn't invite girls to his parties."

4. Dominic: "She understands Japanese."

5. Sophia: "Bella isn't collecting stickers."

6. Robert: "Dennis has downloaded the latest tunes."

7. Olivia: "Leroy is out riding his new waveboard today."

8. Luke: "I don't know what to do."

Reported speech Examples:

Benjamin said (that) he often had a big hamburger.

Hannah said (that) they had lived in Boston.

Tyler told me (that) Ian hadn't invited girls to his parties.

Dominic remarked (that) she understood Japanese.

Sophia explained (that) Bella wasn't collecting stickers.

Robert added (that) Dennis had downloaded the latest tunes.

Olivia explained (that) Leroy was out riding his new waveboard that day.

Luke added (that) he didn't know what to do.

PASSIVE VOICE

- Present Simple, Past Simple and Present Perfect

Active and Passive voice

What is it?

Active: We say WHO did it

The teacher graded the tests.

The result: Now the students know their grades.

Passive: When we do not say who did it

The tests were graded.

The result: Now the students know their grades.

Active: We say WHO did it

Passive: We do not say WHO did it

The result in both sentences is the same!

WHY passive voice?

1. When we do not know WHO did it

My car was stolen yesterday.

2. When it does not matter WHO did it (the activity is more important than the person who did it)

The president was sworn in on a cold January morning.

3. Scientific texts
The rat was placed into a maze.

HOW do we make passive voice?

• Active voice: John woke up Jane.
  
• - 1. See who did it (person) -> John
  
• - 2. What did they do (verb) and in what TENSE -> woke up (past simple)
  
• - 3. What is the object they did it to (a thing, another person…) -> Jane
  
• HOW TO FORM THE PASSIVE VOICE:
  
• - 1. Put the object in the beginning and forget about the person -> Jane
  
• - 2. Add the verb ‘BE’ in the same tense! -> was (past simple)
  
• - 3. Put the verb from the sentence to 3th row (3e rijtje) -> woken up
  
• Passive voice: JANE WAS WOKEN UP (by John)

EXAMPLE SENTENCE

PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE

Active: John collects money.

1. See WHO did it: 

JOHN

2. WHAT did he DO (verb) & tense: COLLECTS (present simple!)

3. What is the OBJECT?

MONEY

------

4. Object in the beginning: Money

5. VERB be in present simple: is

6. Verb 3de rijtje: collected

Passive: Money is collected (by John). 

PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE:

Active: John collected money.

1. See WHO did it: 

JOHN

2. WHAT did he DO (verb) & tense: COLLECTED (past simple!)

3. What is the OBJECT?

MONEY

------

4. Object in the beginning: Money

5. VERB be in present simple: was

6. Verb 3de rijtje: collected

Passive: Money was collected (by John). 

PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE!! (Has/have been!!)

Active: John has been collecting money,

Passive: The money has been collected by John. 

PASSIVE EXERCISES

- Jamil wrote these letters yesterday. 

- He has invited many guests. 

- I do not see him these days. 

- Has he helped you with money?

PASSIVE EXERCISES KEY

Jamil wrote these letters yesterday. These letters were written by Jamil yesterday.

He has invited many guests. Many guests have been invited by him.

I do not see him these days. He is not seen by me these days.

Has he helped you with money? Has you been helped by him with money?

PASSIVE EXERCISES

Put these sentences into the passive (present or past)

c) People have exported Spanish tortilla to the US.

e) You don’t find penguins at the North Pole. 

f) Columbus didn’t discover America in 1491. 

g) They have drawn some paintings. 

PASSIVE EXERCISES KEY

Put these sentences into the passive (present or past)

c) People have exported Spanish tortilla to the US. -> Spanish tortilla have been exported to the US.

e) You don’t find penguins at the North Pole. -> Penguins aren't found at the NP.

f) Columbus didn’t discover America in 1491. -> America wasn't discovered by...

g) They have drawn a painting. -> A painting has been drawn.

Exercise passive online

Present simple, past simple:

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/preint/grammar/grammar_10_012e?cc=nl&selLanguage=en

Present Perfect: https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?present-perfect