Repeat Health

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 3

Pathogens

1. Bacteria:
   - no nucleus
   - cell wall
2. Virus:
   - parasites
   - protein coat with RNA/DNA
3. Fungi:
   - hyphae
   - spores

Disease causing microorganisms are called:

1. pathogen
2. antigen
3. vector
4. antibodies

Bacteria cause disease by:

1. becoming part of a cell's DNA
2. decomposing dead organic matter
3. releasing toxins or breaking down cells
4. carrying viruses into healthy tissues

Spreading of pathogens

• Can be through air/water/food etc.
• If it is through touch we call it contagious
• Can be through other organisms, we call them vectors

Spreading fast through population = epidemic

Pandemic= when an epidemic spreads over a wide area, like continent of entire world.

First line of defense

barriers

The first line of disease against potential diseases is the:

1. skin
2. B cells
3. white blood cells
4. antibodies

Second line of defense

• Aspecific: will attack anything foreign to the body, from bacteria to dust to splinters
• White blood cells: phagocytes will try to 'eat' the foreign bodies 
• Can cause inflammation (red and swelling) and fever

The non specific defense that results in redness and some swelling is called:

1. inflammation
2. clotting
3. phagocytosis
4. vaccination

A molecule found on the outer surface of cells that the immune system recognises as either part of the body or an outside invader.

1. Aids
2. Antigen
3. Antibodies
4. Disease

Third line of defense

• Specific: will adapt to the specific antigens of the pathogen
• White blood cells: lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes:
  - T cells
  - B cells

• T cells:
  - Cytotoxic t cells break through cell membranes/cell walls of pathogen
  - T helper cells activate B cells
• B cells:
  - Plasma cells produce antibodies
  - Memory cells remember which antibody fits which antigen for future encounters

Antibodies connect to the antigen they fit on. As a result, antibodies cover the outside of the pathogen. This makes it a lot easier for phagocytes to consume the pathogen

Produced in the bone marrow, part of these cells are memory cells

1. killer T cells
2. phagocytes
3. B cells
4. platelets

Which type of cell releases antibodies?

1. Red blood cells
2. Phagocytes
3. Platelets
4. Lymphocytes

A Substance made of weakened, killed, or partial pathogens are designed to protect the body from future invasions of that pathogen.

1. Vaccine
2. Virus
3. Disease
4. Microbe

Maarten has had mumps disease as a child and will therefore not get it again

1. Passive natural immunity
2. Passive artificial immunity
3. Active natural immunity
4. Active artificial immunity

The embryo receives antibodies from the blood of the mother through the placenta

1. Passive natural immunity
2. Passive artificial immunity
3. Active natural immunity
4. Active artificial immunity

How to recognize?

• Passive: no memory cells produced
• Active: body created antibodies and memory cells
• Artificial: injection

Antibiotics

• Naturally produced by fungi to defend against bacteria
• Does not work on viruses! only on bacteria
• Different antibiotics work in different ways, but a lot work by breaking the cell wall of the bacteria

Antibiotics only help fight of these types of infections.

1. viruses
2. bacterial
3. malarial
4. fungal

Clinical trials

• Testing of new medicine or technique to check if it is more effective than the current method
• Beware of the placebo effect: the psychological effect of believing in the treatment. The power of the mind
• You prevent this by making sure people don't know if they get the real or fake drug. To make it even more reliable also the doctor helping the patients shouldn't know