Modal verbs

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Modal verbs (modals)

Must + infinitive

must + infinitive: moeten, personal necessity (persoonlijke noodzaak)

Ex: We must go to the concert, it is supposed to be amazing!

Ex.: I must go to grandma this afternoon.

must + infinitive: moeten, het kan niet anders.

Ex.: You must be Jack.

Ex.: They must be tired after such a long day.

Mustn´t + infinitive

mustn't + infinitive: niet mogen/moeten

Ex. I mustn't be home late. 

Ex.: We mustn´t eat the entire cake. 

Ex.: You mustn´t drive so fast, you´ll get a fine if you are not careful. 

Have to + infinitive

have to+ infinitive: obligations (verplichtingen van buitenaf opgelegd). Think about university, school, work, your parents, the government, the law.

Ex.: You have to pass the test to be considered for that university.

Ex.: You have to clean up your room if you want to get pocket money!

Uitzondering

"Must" is also used  in WRITTEN rules and instructions:

You MUST submit your proposal by noon on 12th July.

You MUST NOT use a calculator during the exam.

don't/doesn't have to + infinitive

don't/doesn't have to+ infinitive: niet hoeven (no obligations, geen verplichtingen).

Ex. You don't have to cook if you do not want to.

Ex.: She doesn´t have to go to bed early: it´s Saturday!

Ex.: I don´t have to go to the supermarket ; my mum has already been there.

Must and have to: summary

Have to and must both mean 'moeten' in Dutch 

The context in which you use them is different!

Must: personal necessities

Have to: obligation (when someone else tells you what to do: school, the law, the government, your parents, your job etc.)

Note: the difference between must and have to is slowly disappearing in modern day English.

Note!

The negatives of must (mustn´t) and have to (don´t/doesn´t have to) mean something different.

mustn´t: niet moeten/mogen

don´t/doesn´t have to: niet hoeven

Should + infinitive

should+ infinitive: zou eigenlijk moeten (advise or a suggestion)

Ex.: You should brush your teeth twice a day.

Ex.: They should help their eldery neighbour more often.

Ex. I should buy less clothes, but I simply can´t resist the sale.

Shouldn't + infinitive

shouldn't + infinitive: zou eigenlijk niet moeten.

Ex.: He shouldn't eat so many chocolates.

Ex.: We shouldn't have been so rude to her.

Ex.: She shouldn´t buy so much food, it is not healthy.

can	could	be able to	be allowed to
= kunnen / mogen = present simple I can play the guitar.	= zou kunnen, verleden tijd van can , beleefd vragen = past + present simple I could play the guitar. Could I open a window please?	= kunnen / in staat zijn = alle tijden (vooral future > will be able to) I will be able to speak French next year.	= mogen / toestemming vragen of hebben = alle tijden (vooral future > will be allowed to) He will be allowed to party when he is 18.

Certain (zeker) - uncertain (onzeker)

can - kan

She can swim.   (Zij kan zwemmen.)

could - zou zunnen

He  could help you.
(Hij zou je kunnen helpen.)

may - zou misschien kunnen

She may come tonight - (Het zou (misschien) kunnen dat ze vanavond komt)

might - zou heel misschien kunnen

He might still show up - Heel misschien komt hij nog

may vs might

• Je gebruikt may en might om aan te geven dat iets mogelijk is. In veel gevallen kun je zowel may als might gebruiken. 
• Might geeft iets meer onzekerheid aan dan may. 
• Bij een situatie die niet waar is, gebruik je altijd might. Dus: If it wasn’t raining today, I might be happier. (Als het niet regende vandaag, zou ik blijer zijn.) 
• Je kunt may (en might) ook gebruiken als je iets wil vragen. Dit is netter dan can of could.

Would + infinitive

would + infinitive: zou, polite question

Ex.: I would never go there on my own.

Ex.: Would you mind moving over? I would like to sit there.

Wouldn't + infinitive

wouldn't + infinitive: zou niet.

Ex.: I wouldn't do that if I were you.

Ex: My dad wouldn't like a book for his birthday.

Ex.: You would not betray me, would you?

...you help me, please?

1. Should
2. Could
3. Must
4. Have to

You...be 18 to drive a car.

1. have to
2. would
3. should
4. mustn't

Lisa, tell your brother he...be in bed at 8 PM.

1. must
2. had to
3. should
4. mustn't

I think they...leave him alone, he has done nothing wrong.

1. have to
2. must
3. don't have to
4. should

She...do anything to get a date with Derek.

1. have to
2. must
3. would
4. could

Online practice

On the following slide there is a link to an online exercise.

Please fill it in , check your answers and send me some screenshots.

https: