Boer en koopman

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• mavo, havo
• Leerjaar 1

Chapter 7

Farmer and merchant

Time of Cities and States (1000-1500)

You see a city gate in white. If you entered a city in the Middle Ages, you had to go through the city gate. In many cities a tall and beautifully decorated church was built. In the background you can see the inside of such a church.

Feniks, Geschiedenis Werkplaats, Memo, Saga

Typical Aspects

• the rise and spread of Islam
  
• the revival of trade and craft leading to a renewed urban-agrarian society
  
• the rise of the medieval burgher|bourgeoisie and increasingly independent cities
  
• the formation of states and the start of Centralisation
  
• the expansion of the Christian world through crusades

At the end of this lesson...

• You can describe various improvements that took place within agrarian society starting in 1000 AD.

7.2.1

Advancements in agrarian society

What did society look like
during the early middle
ages?

Improving agriculture

Around the year 1000

• Crop rotation system
  
• land reclamation
• Heavy Plough
• Horse collar

The creation of new farmland from unused or ‘waste’ land (swamps, forests, peat lands, or even lakes)

Iron tool for loosening, turning, and making furrows in the soil

Tool for allowing horses or oxen to pull a plough more efficiently

Fallow

🐄

The crop rotation system

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Winter grain

☃️

Summer grain

🏖

Summer grain

🏖

Winter grain

☃️

Fallow

🐄

Summer grain

🏖

Winter grain

☃️

Fallow

🐄

Advantages?

• The heavy plough was able to reach deeper layers of ground. A wooden one couldn't do that!
• The horse collar ensured that the ox could pull harder and that his breath was not taken away.

7.2.2

From agricultural surpluses to new cities

At the end of this lesson...

• You can explain how cities were created in the Middle Ages
• You can explain what the hanseatic league is
• You can explain what craftsmen are and name several examples

Late Middle Ages

• Time of cities and states (1000-1500)

• It is ''safer'' and ''calmer''
• There is more trade
• Money returns
• The amount of people grows

• Cities are created

Dit is een plattegrond van Zwolle in de Middeleeuwen

More trade!

• Improvements in agriculture yield more harvests
• Surpluses are sold or exchanged at markets
• Money is increasingly used as a (convenient) medium of exchange
• End to Viking attacks in Western Europe: more security
• Traders therefore come to different countries and bring different products (wine or silk) with them.

Working and selling

• Because the harvest is increasing, not everyone has to be a farmer anymore: other professions are emerging: Craftspeople
  
• The profession of merchant also emerged.
• With the arrival of new cities: an  urban-agrarian society
• Coins came back into circulation.

Examples of crafts in a medieval city:

- blacksmith

- Baker

- carpenter

- cabinet maker

- brewer

- tailor

7.2.3

Trade alliances

Hanseatic League

• Most towns had a town square where markets were held.
• The most important market was the annual fair, which lasted a few weeks.
• Many traders traveled from annual fair to annual fair.

• A group of cities in Europe worked together to increase trade.
• They called their association the Hanseatic League.

This is a map of Deventer, one of the Hanseatic cities.

Kaart waarop alle Hanze-steden te zien zijn. De steden van de Hanze lagen vooral in Duitsland. Hier in Nederland waren onder andere de IJsselsteden Kampen en Deventer lid van de Hanze. 

Handelaren van Hanzesteden hadden allerlei voordeeltjes als ze handelden in elkaars steden. Ze betaalden bijvoorbeeld minder tol en belasting. 

Video

In Dutch!

Around the year 1000, crops grew rapidly. What caused that?

1. The farmers had learned to fertilize the land.
2. The farmers let their children help in the fields.
3. More and more farmers came, because people in cities also had to eat
4. The farmers used better tools.

A farmer is a craftsman

1. true
2. false

A carpenter is a craftsman

1. true
2. false

A merchant is a craftsman

1. True
2. False

A silversmith is a craftsman

1. True
2. False