A3 - Unit 4 - All Grammar

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• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Past simple vs present perfect vs past perfect

All right : Oefenen

Grammar Exercises: 8, 9 + 10

Present Perfect: Example sentences

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Past Perfect

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Past Perfect : Example sentences

Mixing it up......

Mixed Tenses: example text

Yesterday, I was talking to a very dear friend of mine who told me that he had been working in NY when he had a stroke. It shocked me as he has been a very fit individual ever since I have known him. Obviously he survived to tell the tale but it was a very traumatic  experience. 

Apparently, when he reached the hospital after being rushed to hospital, they managed to get his heart going again by use of a defibrillator. It had changed his view on life and he has decided to live life to the full.

I can't imagine how such an event would affect my view on life......I think I would start to regret the things that I have never done. Perhaps I would book a trip around the world and make a list of all the other things I have been wanting to do.....a bucket list I believe it is called.

I had never thought of such things before, but it woke me up and made me pay more attention to my own life.

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Plurals

Nouns that change spelling

person – people

ox – oxen

man – men

woman – women

caveman – cavemen

policeman – policemen

child – children

tooth – teeth

foot – feet

goose – geese

mouse – mice

louse – lice

also........

a loaf of bread - five loaves (Bread)

a pair of trousers

a pair of glasses

Nouns that don't change

aircraft – aircraft

barracks – barracks

deer – deer

gallows – gallows

moose – moose

salmon – salmon

hovercraft – hovercraft

spacecraft – spacecraft

series – series

species – species

means – means

offspring – offspring

deer – deer

fish – fish

sheep – sheep

Nouns of other language origin

Nouns of Latin Origin:                                                         Nouns of French Origin:  

alumnus – alumni/alumnuses                                        chateau – chateaux/chateaus

apex – apices/apeces                                                         bureau – bureaux/ bureaus

appendix – appendices/ appendixes                          tableau – tableaux/tableaus

tooth – teeth

foot – feet

goose – geese

mouse – mice

mouse – lice

Some Nouns Use the Same Singular and Plural Form

For Examples:

aircraft – aircraft

barracks – barracks

deer – deer

gallows – gallows

moose – moose

salmon – salmon

hovercraft – hovercraft

spacecraft – spacecraft

series – series

species – species

means – means

offspring – offspring

deer – deer

fish – fish

sheep – sheep

Some Nouns Are of Latin/ Greek/ French Origin

For Examples:

Nouns of Latin Origin:

alumnus – alumni/alumnuses

apex – apices/apeces

appendix – appendices/ appendixes

Nouns of French Origin:

For Examples:

chateau – chateaux/chateaus

bureau – bureaux/ bureaus

tableau – tableaux/tableaus

Look at the underlined parts of these sentences. What is remarkable about them?

There are tropical fish in this bay!

I think sea cows actually belong to a different species than seals.  

I can’t find my glasses. Have you seen them?    

‘Fish’ looks like a singular form, but it ‘behaves’ like a plural.

‘Species’ looks like a plural form, but it ‘behaves’ like a singular.

‘Glasses’ looks like a plural, but you would expect a singular.

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Quantifiers

(Samengestelde onbepaald voornaamwoord)

Some, any, something, anything.......

*We can use anybody or anyone - the meaning is the same. It's also true for someone, no-one and

everyone.

ENGLISH           

Something

Somewhere

Somebody/Someone

Anything

Any

Anybody/Anyone

Anywhere

Anything

No one / nobody

Nowhere

Everyone/Everybody

Everything

Everywhere

Eachother

Some

              DUTCH

      ENGLISH           

Something

Somewhere

Somebody/Someone

Anything

Any

Anybody/Anyone

Anywhere

Anything

No one / nobody

Nowhere

Everyone/Everybody

Everything

Everywhere

Eachother

Some

              DUTCH

Iets

Ergens

Iemand

Iets

Geen een

iemand

Ergens / Nergens (Aren't anywhere ...)

Iets / Niets

Niemand

Nergens

Iedereen

Alles

Overal

Elkaar

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Direct Speech + Indirect Speech

Direct speech (directe rede)

=  Als je letterlijk opschrijft wat iemand zegt tussen
Aanhalingstekens

“Were you scared?” 
Dan said: “It is an unbelievable story.”

Indirect speech (indirecte rede)

=  Als je omschrijft wat iemand heeft gezegd of gedacht
zonder aanhalingstekens

She asked him if he was scared.
He said that it was an unbelievable story.
She asks if I have a girlfriend.

Indirect speech

Let op de vorm van werkwoorden bij indirect speech
Als ‘he asked, she said, he told me’ etc. in de verleden tijd staat, moet de rest van de zin ook in de verleden tijd

She asked if he was scared
He said that it was an unbelievable story

Practice

Let's practise!!

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