H4 Jointed skeletons

• Nask / Biologie
• Voortgezet speciaal onderwijs
• Leerroute 1

Chapter 4 Jointed skeletons

In this chapter you will learn

4.1 Different types of skeletons

4.2 Your skeleton and your posture

4.3 Material of the skeleton

4.4 Joints that make you move

4.5 Muscles

4.1 Different types of skeletons

• Open your notebook and book on page 86
• What type of skeletons are described is this section?

1.  Endoskeleton
2.  Exoskeleton
3. Hydrostatic skeleton 

Endoskeleton

An endoskeleton is also called a ................................. 

• Internal skeleton

Which animals have an endoskeleton?

• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

What are the characteristics of an endoskeleton?

• it's made of bone. It can repair itself. It grows with the rest of the body

the bones of the forearms and lower legs of a frog are fused into one bone. This makes the bones strong enough in order to make powerful jumps and landings possible. 

the cheetah's shoulder blades are not fixed to the collarbone so that the shoulders can move freely.  These and other changes give the cheetah a stride of 8 meters!

starfish and  sea urchins have a

endoskeleton. The hard skin and spikes serve as protection

Exoskeleton

The exoskeleton or ............................. covers the body like your skin.

• external skeleton

Which animals have an exoskeleton?

• insects, crabs, lobsters and spiders

What are two disadvantages of an exoskeleton?

1. heavy
2. can not grow and can not repair itself. 

What happens when an animal with a exoskeleton has to grow?

• it has to moult (vervellen)

Where is an exoskeleton made off?

• it is made of chintin. which looks like cellulose like a cellwall

animals with an external skeleton are never very large, because the skeleton is very heavy. The titan beatle is the biggest animal with an external skeleton.

Shells like a Clam are made of chalk. 

It grows ba adding more chalk to it's shell. 

Hydrostatic skeleton

What kind of animals have an hydrostatic skeleton?

• Cold blooded and soft bodied animals, such as worms and water slugs. 

What are the benefits of this type of skeletons?

1. It can move very flexible, because of the fluid shape of the skeleton.
2. Protection of the internal organs by bumps and shocks
3. Perfect in water, useless on land.

Yellyfish has an  hydroskeleton

Perfect in water but useless on land. 

What to do..

• Did you make a summary of 4.1?
• Make the exercises of 4.1
• Read 4.2 and make a summary.
• Make the exercises of 4.2 

Test next Friday!

4.2 Your skeleton and your posture

• Skeletal system = all 206 bones together

1. body shape and support
2. to move
3. protect internal organs

• Parts of the human skeleton

1. skull
2. backbone
3. rib cage 
4. limbs

 

1. Skull. schedel        
2. upperjaw/maxilla. bovenkaak
3. lowerjaw/mandible  onderkaak
4. collar bone/clavicle  sleutelbeen
5. shoulder blade/ scapula.  schouderblad
6. ulna  ellepijp
7. radius  spaakbeen
8. humerus. opperarmbeen
9. breastbone/sternum  borstbeen
10. rib 
11. vertebra  werfels
12. carpals  handwortelbeentjes
13. metacarpels. middenhandsbeentjes
14. phalanges  vingerkootjes
15. hip bone   heupbeen
16. sacrum   heiligbeen

• 15. Tailbone/ coccyx.   staartbeen
• 16. Femur.  dijbeen
• 17 knee cap/ patella.  knieschijf
• 18. shinbone/tibia  scheenbeen
• 19. calfbone/fibula. kuitbeen
• heelbone. hiel
• tarsals. voetwortelbeentjes
• metatarsels. middenvoetsbeentjes
• phalanges. teenkootjes

spine or backbone

the characteristics of your spine:

• main support structure
• keeping you upright
• carries the weight of your head, torso and arms
• move your body in many directions
• connection for other bones and muscles
• bones in the spine are called vertebrae
• protects the spinal cord = important part of the nervous system. 

intervertebral discs

tussenwerfelschijfjes

• made of sort flexible material called cartilage

posture = the position in which you hold your body.

Good posture:

• double s shape

1. stabel and flexible
2. balance
3. shock absorber

Homework

• Do the exercises of 4.2 and 4.3
• learn the bones of page 91 -> English names test friday after the break

4.4 

Joints that make you move!

hand in your summary of..

• 4.4 joints that make you move!
• make a sharp picture of pictures of your summary
• go to teams: opdrachten
• upload it in the map: 'Summary 4.4 1hv-t'  

What are the 3 types of joint?

1. fibrous joints  ( naadverbinding)
2. cartilaginous joints ( kraakbeenverbinding)
3. synovial joints (gewrichten)

fibrous joints

...........................

............................

cartilaginous joints

synovial joints

Types of synovial joints

1. pivot joint: allow the joint to roll (pivot) around eachother.
2. ball and socket joint: can move in almost every possible direction
3. hinge joint: move like a door hinge

Hernia

What to do?

• make the exercises of 4.4
• read and make a summary of 4.5
• make the exercises of 4.5

Friday pubquiz about everything!

H1 - H2 - H3 - H4 (also 4.5!)