Why people had much confidence in the 20th century
Why militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism are causes of WW1
Why the murder of Franz Ferdinand was the direct cause of the war
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Slide 1: Diapositive
HistoryMiddelbare schoolhavo, vwoLeerjaar 3
Cette leçon contient 49 diapositives, avec quiz interactifs, diapositives de texte et 7 vidéos.
Éléments de cette leçon
What you will learn in
this lesson
Why people had much confidence in the 20th century
Why militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism are causes of WW1
Why the murder of Franz Ferdinand was the direct cause of the war
Slide 1 - Diapositive
www.google.com
Slide 2 - Lien
Slide 3 - Vidéo
1.2: World War 1: Europe goes to war
9. The Time of World Wars
Slide 4 - Diapositive
Slide 5 - Diapositive
most feared by soldiers
bombing and dogfights
break through the enemy trenches
blokkade enemy supplies
bombing, reconnaissance, create panic
drive the enemy out of their trenches
Slide 6 - Question de remorquage
What is this lesson about?
The assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary became the direct cause of World War I. The Allies fought against the Central Powers on two fronts. In Eastern Europe, the Russians battled the Germans and Austrians. The war in the Western Front quickly turned into a stalemate in which both sides dug defensive trenches. The living conditions of the soldiers in the trenches were terrible.
Slide 7 - Diapositive
people in this lesson
Wilhelm II
emperor
German Empire
Franz Joseph II
emperor
Austria-Hungary
Gavrilo Princip
assassin
Serbia
Franz Ferdinand
crown prince
Austria-Hungary
Slide 8 - Diapositive
Word Duty
mobilisation: preparing the army for battle and moving the soldiers to the borders
neutrality: policy of a nation not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, war etc.
Battle of the Marne: battle in 1914, in which the advance of the German troops through France was halted
stalemate: situation in which neither side can make a winning move (the term comes from the game of chess)
trench war: a war in which both sides build a heavily defended frontline
trenches: long, narrow ditches defended with bunkers, machineguns and barbed wire
artillery: long range guns or missile launchers used in warfare on land
WORD DUTY
Slide 9 - Diapositive
Important dates in this lesson:
1914
June 28: assassination of Franz Ferdinand
August 3: Germany invades Belgium
Sept. 5 - 12: Battle of the Marne
Dec 24: Christmas Truce
Slide 10 - Diapositive
What you will learn in
this lesson
What happened in Sarajevo
Why the murder of Franz Ferdinand was the direct cause of the war
Why the Schlieffenplan failed
What trench warfare is
What life in the trenches was like
Use these questions to make your own summary
Slide 11 - Diapositive
Introduction
On 28th June 1914, the 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip stood along the road in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. He was a member of The Black Hand, a secret Serbian military organisation. Princip and his companions were waiting for Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian crown prince, who was about to visit the Bosnian capital. They were instructed to kill him…
Archduke Franz Ferdinand arrives at the townhall of Sarajevo, after he survived the first assessination attempt
Slide 12 - Diapositive
1a. Study the map of the Balkans. Bosnia was a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire
A
TRUE
B
FALSE
Slide 13 - Quiz
1b. Study the map of the Balkans. Serbia was an independent state on the Balkans
A
TRUE
B
FALSE
Slide 14 - Quiz
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, was the cousin of the Austrian emperor and heir to the throne. He and his wife were making a visit to the Bosnian capital to show Austria’s influence in the Balkan region. In Sarajevo, hundreds of people showed up to see a glimpse of the royal couple on their tour through the city. But horror unfolded when a member of The Black Hand threw a grenade at the car. He missed and the bomb exploded underneath the next car. The passengers were hurt, but Franz Ferdinand was taken to safety. Gavrilo Princip, who stood further along the route, heard about the failed attempt. Disappointed with this, he went into a bar to get a drink. Meanwhile Franz Ferdinand had changed his plans: he decided to visit the victims of the attack in the hospital instead of meeting Sarajevo’s mayor. His driver did not know that the plans had changed and had to turn around along the route. From the bar across the street, Princip saw that the car had to make a turn. Immediately he walked out, drew his weapon and shot. Franz Ferdinand and his wife were hit and they both died within minutes.
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie Chotek, on their state visit to Sarajevo. The illustration was published in the French newspaper Le Petit Journal on July 12, 1914.
Slide 15 - Diapositive
Slide 16 - Vidéo
Slide 17 - Vidéo
2. Why did ‘The Black Hand’ want to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Slide 18 - Question ouverte
The direct cause of the war
When the Austrian emperor heard about the death of his cousin, he was infuriated. He blamed the Serbian government for the assassination and immediately consulted with his ally, Wilhelm II of Germany. They decided that Austria should declare war on Serbia. For their defence, Serbia looked to its ally Russia for support. The Russians knowing that their French allies would help them, immediately started to mobilise their army on the German and Austrian border. The Germans demanded that Russia should stop its mobilisation, but when there was no response to this, they declared war on Russia and later on its ally France.
The news of war spread through Europe like wildfire. Due to the prevalent feelings of nationalism and militarism, there was widespread enthusiasm for war. In every participating nation, people felt that war was necessary to solve a conflict. To win would also mean that their country would be the most powerful in Europe. Because they felt that their army was the best, they expected that their soldiers would be back home in a few months. Thousands of young men voluntarily enlisted in the army.
a German soldier accepts flowers from a woman in the street. The soldiers are cheerful. It's going to be a "Frische und Fröliche Krieg"
Slide 19 - Diapositive
Mobilisation, August 1914. Departure of a troop transport train bound for France.
Source A
Slide 20 - Diapositive
Slide 21 - Vidéo
Slide 22 - Vidéo
3. Read 'The direct cause of the war' Name two effects that came to pass almost directly after Franz Ferdinand was shot.
Slide 23 - Question ouverte
4. Why were these soldiers excited to go to war?
Slide 24 - Question ouverte
The first days of the war
Germany was the first to strike, on 3rd August 1914. In accordance with the Schlieffen Plan, they wanted to go through Belgium. When the Belgians did not allow them pass through, the Germans invaded their country. The Belgians resisted furiously; they were not going to let the German soldiers destroy their villages and cities. Another setback came when Russia had mobilised its army faster than expected and had success against the Austrian army. Because of this, the Germans had to withdraw soldiers from the Western Front to send them to the East. Moreover, Britain proclaimed that they would join the side of the Allies. The British had signed a treaty in 1839 in which they promised to defend Belgium’s neutrality, but the Germans never expected that the British would keep this promise.
Newspaper August 1st 1914
German infantry on the move in Belgium, Aug 7th, 1914
Slide 25 - Diapositive
Slide 26 - Vidéo
6. Give two reasons why the Schlieffen Plan failed, according to the text.
Slide 27 - Question ouverte
War on the Western Front
During the Battle of the Marne, which lasted from 5th to 12th September 1914, the German army was halted. From that moment, a quick win on the Western Front was impossible. The two sides became unable to move forward and they dug themselves in. It became a stalemate, with Belgium and Northern France turning into a war zone. In Western Europe, the armies of both sides were of equal strength and because of this, the war became a trench war. The generals ordered their soldiers to dig in along the front. This means that they dug trenches, narrow ditches and tunnels into the ground, to hide from the bullets and artillery of the enemy.
These trenches were heavily defended with bunkers, machineguns, barbed wire and landmines, thus making them almost impossible to overcome by force. Still the generals tried to do this for years, at the cost of millions of lives. The land between the trenches became a no-man’s-land. Because of all the bombing, the forests, creeks and hills of Belgium and Northern France became a muddy, barren land full of craters and holes.
French soldiers taking a rest in their trench
Slide 28 - Diapositive
Slide 29 - Diapositive
8. Read 'War on the Western Front' Upload a picture from the map in which you had to draw the Schlieffenplan and the trenches of the western front (video questions 1 + 17)
Slide 30 - Question ouverte
9. Because the Battle of the Marne did not result in a quick win for Germany as expected, the course of the war changed. Explain this statement.
Slide 31 - Question ouverte
10. Read the source. Choose continuity or change, and explain your answer, using examples from the source you read.
World War I is a good example of continuity / change , because
Slide 32 - Question ouverte
11. Put the events in the correct chronological order
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
The Triple Entente is formed.
The Schlieffen Plan failed.
Franco-Prussian War
The First World War turns into a trench war.
Franz Ferdinand is assassinated.
Slide 33 - Question de remorquage
Slide 34 - Diapositive
Slide 35 - Diapositive
Sandbags were filled with earth and mud, and were meant to protect the soldiers
At the beginning of the war, the rations were still reasonable, but as the war lasted longer, there was also less (good) food.
If the soldiers did not have to fight, they would, for example, play cards.
In addition to the enemy, the soldiers suffered a lot from pests, such as rats and fleas. Some soldiers passed the time between battles by killing rats.
Dogs not only kept the soldiers company, they also delivered messages between the various trenches.
Soldiers could often only sleep during the day, because at night it was a good time to spy on the trenches of the enemies.
With a periscope, the soldiers could view the enemy without taking great risks. A periscope works with mirrors.
Thousands of letters and diaries of soldiers from the First World War have been preserved. These are important and valuable resources nowadays.
For the safety of the soldiers, the trenches were zigzag-shaped.
40,000 km of trenches are being built between the North Sea and the Swiss border (Western Front).
The area between the trenches is completely plowed in four years. It's called "no man's land".
During the video you can look in all directions! Try it out!
Keeping watch was one of the most important tasks you could get. There were very severe punishments for falling asleep during the watch.
Besides fighting and keeping watch, there were plenty of other annoying chores in a trench, such as replenishing sandbags, repairing barbed wire or emptying the latrines (toilets)
Slide 36 - Diapositive
Life in the trenches
The life of soldiers in the trenches was terrible. They did not get much sleep because they had to stand guard or do other chores. During a break, they had to try to sleep through the sound of the artillery bombardments. Luxuries were rare and on some days there was barely enough food. The trenches were also very unhygienic; toilets were dug into the ground and when it rained they sometimes overflowed into the trenches. Dead bodies were buried nearby, which gave off a terrible smell. Rats infested the trenches, of which some grew as big as cats. Most soldiers had lice, which caused terrible itchiness. When it rained or snowed, the trenches became muddy and cold; soldiers’ clothes would not dry and their boots remained wet, which could cause trench foot. Their feet became numb, turned blue, swelled up and got covered with blisters and open wounds. In the worst cases, a foot had to be amputated or caused an illness that resulted in death. Life in the trenches was the very opposite of the ‘glorious war’ that the young soldiers had signed up for.
life in the trenches. Above: British troops, below: French troops.
Slide 37 - Diapositive
French soldiers after a successful rat hunt in the trenches.
Rats were a terror, as they ate from the corpses and
from the rations. They sometimes grew as big as cats.
Slide 38 - Diapositive
Christmas truce
In 1914, at Christmas, something wonderful happened. Soldiers on both sides were singing Christmas carols in their trenches. They were so close to the frontline that they could hear each other and decided to sing together. Some brave soldiers left their trenches to meet with their enemies in no-man’s-land. German, French and British soldiers shook hands, exchanges gifts and played football together. The truce ended when the generals forced soldiers to open fire on each other again.
Slide 39 - Diapositive
Slide 40 - Vidéo
The Germans used the largest piece of artillery during the war, called the Pariser Kanone. They used this supergun to attack Paris from a distance of 120 kilometres. Other big cannons were ‘Fat Bertha’ and ‘Langer Max.’ All made by Krupstahl .
Slide 41 - Diapositive
‘Over the top’
The saying ‘going over the top’ is derived from World War I. Soldiers had to climb out of the trenches and run across the no-man’s-land to attack the enemy. Going over the top was the ultimate test of bravery.
Fragment from the diary of an unknow soldier, 1914-1918
Slide 42 - Diapositive
12. Read 'Life in the trenches' and study the pictures and captions in the previous slides. Imagine that you are a soldier fighting in the trenches. In a rare moment of free time, you decide to write a letter to your loved ones. In this letter, describe the difficulties of your daily life in the trenches. Between 150 and 200 words.
Slide 43 - Question ouverte
13a. Source: Unarmed British soldiers storm a German trench. Coloured print, 1916. Is this a reliable source about how the trench wars were fought? Explain your answer.
Slide 44 - Question ouverte
13b. For what research question could this be a usable source?
A
How was a trench war fought?
B
What was life like in the trenches?
C
Was propaganda used during
World War I?
D
How many soldiers died during World War I?
Slide 45 - Quiz
Finally, here you can write down a question about something from this lesson that you don't fully understand yet.
Slide 46 - Question ouverte
Timeline World War I
M
A
I
N
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Lusitania sunk by U-boat
October Revolution
New weapons: tank & gas
Assassination in Sarajevo
USA declares war against Central Powers
Schlieffenplan
February Revolution
Treaty of Versailles
US troops join the fight
armistice
Slide 47 - Question de remorquage
11. Put the events in the correct chronological order