Modal auxiliaries

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Modal Auxiliaries

What is a lexical verb?

What is a copula?

What is an auxiliary verb?

Copy the following sentence into your notebook

The cables that must have been supporting the suspension bridge have broken but that can not be the reason why the  bridge has collapsed. 

Circle or highlight the lexical verbs and underline the auxiliary verbs.

 

The cables that must have been supporting the suspension bridge have  broken but that can not be the reason why the  bridge has  collapsed. 

Which verbs are the primary auxiliary verbs?

primary auxiliary verbs 

Used to denote (=aanduiden) tense (also in questions or negations):

I am eating bread;  I was eating a donut.

They have eaten a sandwich; they had eaten a lot;

Do you eat bread? ; You did not  eat any bread yesterday.

What are modal auxiliary verbs?

Modal auxiliary verbs

Modal auxiliary verbs are

auxiliary verbs that are used to show a(n):

 ability, certainty, possibility, probability or obligation (=necessity). 

Unlike most verbs, there is only one form of these verbs.

Write down some modal auxiliary verbs!

Must (expressing obligation)

Only  1  form: Must (e.g. no past tense, no perfect tense);

Use:

a)  When something is obliged (personally or from a source outside) or not allowed:

( My mother told me that ) I must wear sunscreen or I will get a sunburn. (personal obligation and an obligation from a source outside)

You must not park your bike in front of the school. (it is forbidden)

Must

b) to make deductions (= conclusies) when we are more or less certain about something:

You must be very tired, you worked so hard. (conclusie)

I must have left my notebook at home. (I do not know for sure)

Must vs Have to 

Must does not have a past or a perfect form so,

 If you need a past or a perfect form you use: 

Have to:  which can be used in all tenses:

Have to

has to  

had to

have had to

must   vs   have to

Use: 

a)  An obligation made by someone else: 

You have to turn left here. 

You have to do your homework.

b) In the past:

I had to wear sunscreen last summer.

I had to park my bike at the back of the school.

must not   vs    do not have to

Must not: something is not allowed:

You must not leave your bag near the staircase in the hall.

Do not have to: something is not necessary:

You do not have to do your homework for tomorrow.

Should

a. expresses an obligation:  

You should work hard for your test. (zou moeten)

b. gives a recommendation: 

You should stop eating fast food. (zou eigenlijk moeten)

c. gives an opinion: 

Parents should not let their children play aggressive games. 

(zouden eigenlijk niet moeten)

 

Shall (present tense of should)

Use:

1. to make a suggestion:

    Shall we dance? Shall I go now?

2. for obligation in very formal situations:

    You shall obey the rules. Students shall not enter here.

    There shall be no food and drink on the premises.

Will   Would

Both used: 

To offer or request something:

I will do the shopping today.

Would you be so kind as to call her?

Will

Use: 

1. to show desire, preference, choice or consent:

   I will accept your offer. Will you please be quiet?

2. to show the future:

    It will be a great party. I will probably go out tonight.

3. to express capability:

    The ship will take three hundred guests. This bottle will hold two litres of coca cola.

4. to express determination or insistence:

     I will pass my test with an 8. I will do as you say.

Would

Use:

1. to show preference

   I would rather go to the cinema today. 

2.  to show a wish

   I would like to have more free time.

3. for advice

   If I were you, I would study hard for this test.

Can 

Use:

1.  for ability:

     I can speak 5 languages. She can't sing.

2. for informal permission:

    Can I sit here? Can we leave now?

3. for requests or suggestions

    Can I have the bill? You can sit wherever you like.

Could

Use:

1. past ability:

     I could run ten kilometres when I was younger.

2.  for permission ( formal - polite):

      Could you repeat that again? Could I please go to the toilet?

3. for possibility: 

     This holiday could be really good. 

     You could go to to school when the lockdown is finished.

May

Use: 

1. for formal permission.

    May I come in? May I go to the toilet Miss?

2. to suggest a possibility

     It may rain this evening. They may be late.

Might

Use:

1. for an uncertain possibility

    It might be bad weather tomorrow. 

   Our teacher might come to  the party tonight.

1. We ................ leave now or we will be late for class.

2.  I .............. like a cup of tea, please.

3. I ................ probably spend the holidays with my family next summer.

4. Sarah is such a talented singer. She ................ practise a lot.

5. ............. you show me your passport please?

1. We SHOULD leave now or we will be late for class.

2.  I WOULD like a cup of tea, please.

3. I WILL probably spend the holidays with my family next summer.

4. Sarah is such a talented singer. She MUST practise a lot.

5. COULD you show me your passport please?

So, do you understand what the modal auxiliaries are all about?

If your answer was NO ask your teacher for some extra help, explanations and exercises!