Grammar 1 (dec)

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Grammar

1. pres simple or pres continuous?

A Present simple

a. spelling

affirmative: ow = I, you, they, we of >persoon/dier/ding : ww

                          ow = he, she, it or 1 persoon/dier/ding: ww+s

negative: ow = I, you, they, we of >persoon/dier/ding :don't + ww

                          ow = he, she, it or 1 persoon/dier/ding: doesn't + ww

1.  present simple or present continuous?

A Present simple

a. spelling

affirmative: ow = I, you, they, we of >1persoon/dier/ding : ww

                       ow = he, she, it or 1 persoon/dier/ding: ww+(e)s

negative: ow = I, you, they, we of >persoon/dier/ding :don't + ww

                          ow = he, she, it or 1 persoon/dier/ding: doesn't + ww

questions: ow = I, you, they, we of >persoon/dier/ding :

                     Do + ow + ww + rest?

                     ow = he, she, it or 1 persoon/dier/ding: 

                     Does + ow + ww + rest?

b. use

1. present 

- gewoontes, routines, dingen die je regelmatig doet

- algemene feiten

- ww die gevoelens/gedachtes zijn

2. Future

- bij een dienstregeling, roosters, schema’s, aankomsttijden,vertrektijden, etc. 

c. hints

usually, normally, often, always, never, every, on (Mondays)

B present continuous

a. spelling

affirmative: am/are/is  + ww+ing

negative: am not / aren't / isn't + ww+ ing

questions: Am/are/is + ow + ww+ing+ rest?

b. use

Present: Actions going RIGHT NOW  

Future: = fixed plans, often with specific time reference.

c. hints

now, currently, at the moment, always

(bij ergernis)

Exceptions: Non-continuous Verbs

feeling:  hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish.

senses:  appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound, 

                taste.

communication: agree, deny, disagree, mean, 

                                promise, satisfy, surprise.

thinking: believe, imagine, know, mean, realize, 

                  recognize, remember, understand.

To do:

ex A+B p 3+4

B

1. are                                           

2. are looking                            10. is

3. has                                          11. lives - is studying

4. wants                                     12. is living

5. is trying on                           13. is doing

6. fit - says                                 14.  is going - starts

7. don't suit - replies

8. do you think - asks

9. do they cost

2. Past continuous or past simple?

A past continuous

a. spelling

Affirmative: was/were + ww+ing

Negative: wasn't/weren't + ww+ing

Question: Was/were + ow + ww+ing + rest?

b. use

- actie in het verleden die een tijdje bezig was 

- actie in het verleden (lange actie) die onderbroken werd door een andere actie (korte actie)

c. hints

while, when-zinnen > lange actie

2. past simple

2. past simple

B. spelling

affirmative: ww+ed or irregular  / to be: was/were

negative: didn't + infinitive   / to be: wasn't / weren't

questions: Did + ow + infinitive + rest?  / to be: 

                     Was/were + ow + rest?

b. use

actions in the past, completely over and done

c. hints

yesterday, last, in (2005), ago

Attention!

1. Pa cont – pa simple: ‘when/while’- zinnen 

Combinatie past continuous – past simple: 1 long action, 1 short action:

  - long action: past continuous (= was/were + verb+ing)

  - short action: past simple

 Example: When the bus arrived, we were running towards it

2. 2x past continuous in een zin: ‘while’-zinnen: 2 long actions

 Example: I was taking a bath while he was reading a book.

3. Enkel past simple: opeenvolgende gebeurtenissen ('then')

Example: I went to the toilet and then I did my homework.

To do: B+C p  6+7

B

1. welcomed, asked
2. broke had
3. were swimming, were sunbathing
4. came, looked, told
5. was preparing, were collecting
6. were having, were running
7. turned went

C

1. broke, happened, was painting, fell
2. arrived, got, were waiting
3. was walking, met
4. was living, died
5. called, was having
6. was watching, got
7. got married, were studying

3. present perfect (voltooid deelwoord)

a. spelling

affirmative:  has/have + past participle (=ww+ed/irregular (3de kolom)

negative: hasn't/haven't + past participle

question:  have/has + ow + past participle + rest?

b. use

= actie in het verleden MAAR nog nu nog steeds bezig/ belangrijk/zichtbaar

c. hints

yet, already, just, since, for, always (tot nu toe), (n)ever, how long, before

To do:

ex A t/m D p 7-9

A

1. I have never eaten 
2. I have never watched
3. í have never bought
4. I have never made

B

1.  haven't worked
2. have bought
3. haven't planned
4. have you been
5. has written
6. hasn't seen
7. have you been
8. hasn't started
9. has he spoken
10. hasn't had

C

1. Have you washed (yet)
2. washed (yesterday) - haven't had (yet)
3. have you already done (already)
4. have just come (just)
5. came (ago)
6. called, arrived, have just finished (just)
7. didn't you see
8. didn't have

D

1. have just cycled
2. cycled
3. wrote
4. have already written
5. have just rung
6. rang
7. watched
8. have already seen
9. spent 
10. haven't been

4. Present perfect continuous

a. spelling

affirmative: ow + has/have been + ww+ing

negative: ow + hasn't/haven't been + ww+ing

question: have/has + ow + been + ww+ing

b. use

actie in het verleden, nu nog steeds bezig, blijft nog doorgaan

c. hints

all day, how long, for, since, lately, recently

Exceptions: Non-continuous Verbs

feeling: hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish.

senses: appear, feel, hear, see, seem, smell, sound,

                taste.

communication: agree, deny, disagree, mean,

                                promise, satisfy, surprise.

thinking: believe, imagine, know, mean, realize,

                  recognize, remember, understand.

To do:

A t/m D p 9+10

A

1.  have been practicing
2. has run
3. have been
4. has been barking
5. have missed

B

1. haven't eaten
2. hasn't been speaking
3. haven't been working
4. haven't known
5. hasn't hung

C

1.  has she been waiting
2. have I told
3. have you cleaned
4. have you been taking
5. have you ever stayed

D

1. have tried - have you been
2. have been - have been cleaning
3. have you cleaned
4. haven't tidied
5. has invited - haven't bought
6. have you already found out
7. has been learning
8. have seen

5. Past perfect simple

a. spelling

affirmative: ow + had + past participle (regelm. ww+ed)

negative: ow + hadn't + past participle

question: had + ow + past participle

b. use

actie die gebeurd is VOOR een andere specifieke actie in het verleden

Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.

c. hints

the previous week, the day before, the month before’ etc

To do:

ex A t/m D p 11+12

A

1. I'd forgotten
2. hadn't brought
3. had already started
4. hadn't completed
5. had asked
6. had already finished

B

1.  had watched
2. had missed
3. had built
4. had painted
5. had planted

C

1. had built
2. hadn't been
3. had already done
4. had made
5. had put on

6. hadn't ordered

7. had learned

8. had fallen

9. had he phoned

10. hadn't ridden

D

1.  were
2. did not allow - had
3. left
4. went
5. had already lived
6. made
7. reached - had sailed

8. had not built - had not        collected - began

9. had died

10. met

11. knew - had spent

12. showed

13. gave

14. had harvested - they            celebrated

6. The future

A present tenses used for the future

a. Present simple (ww of ww+s)

bij een dienstregeling, roosters, schema’s, aankomsttijden, vertrektijden, etc.

Example: The train leaves tonight at 7pm.

b. Present continuous (am/are/is + verb+ing)

Afspraken die vaststaan in plaats en tijd

Example: We are going on a date tonight.

B simple future and going to-future

a. Am/is/are going to + verb

1. spelling

affirmative: am/are/is going to + ww

negative: am not/aren't/ isn't going to + ww

question: Am/are/is + ow + going to + ww + rest?

2. use

- Iets wat je van plan bent in de toekomst, maar geen concrete afspraak

(staat niet vast wanneer)

Example: I’m going to ask her out.

- Toekomstvoorspelling die gebaseerd is op

signalen die je krijgt. (Komt waarschijnlijk dus wel uit.)

Example: Look at the clouds! It is going to rain, we better take our umbrella with us.

b. Will/ won’t + verb

1. spelling

affirmative: will + ww

negative: will not/won't + ww

question: will/shall + ow + ww + rest?

Opgelet: Bij een vraag gebruik je in deze tijd shall i.p.v. will als het ow "I" of "we" is.

Example: You look parched. Shall I fetch you something to drink?

2. use

- Iets wat je ter plekke aanbiedt (niet gepland) / bestellingen op restaurant

Example: I'll help you out, no problem! / I'll have the steak please.

- Belofte

Example: I’ll clean up my room.

- Besluit over de toekomst, soort van conclusie over wat er in de toekomst nu (niet) gaat gebeuren

Example: They will not come back after that terrible experience.

- Toekomstvoorspellingen die onzeker zijn.

 example: You will become very rich in the (probably, maybe…) future!

- Iets wat je denkt (‘I think / I believe…) dat gaat gebeuren in de toekomst.

Example: I think you will become very old.

To Do:

ex B p 13

B

1. will probably go
2. leaves
3. are you going to wear
4. will find
5. am going
6. is beginning
7. am going to meet
8. is going to rain
9. is going to be
10. am going to slip

7. Conditionals

"if clause" followed by "main clause"

A. Zero conditional - general truths

if + present simple + present simple

Example: If you touch a flame, you burn yourself.

B. Type I - possible and likely to fulfill (future)

if + present simple + will (future)

Example: If you eat that, you will have a stomach ache.

C. Type II - Possible and unlikely to fulfill (present)

if + Past simple + would/could+infinitive

Example: If you listened before, you would know this.

D. Type III - impossible to fulfill (past)

if + Past Perfect(=had+past participle) + would/could/might+have+past participle

Example: If you had studied, you would have passed the test.

To Do:

ex B & C p 15-17

B.

1. if you like - you will love
2. if she had not hated - would have enjoyed
3. would do - had
4. had hated - would not have called

C

1. would not have been
2. had evacuated
3. will stay
4. would return
5. erupted
6. would/could/might have lost
7. had prepared

s

8. will move

9. comes

10. had taken

11. will be

12. would/could/might           have been

13. could be

14. save

To Do:

Mixed Tenses p 18-20

&

Word Order p 21-22

Werk Zelfstandig!