Year 2 WS 3

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Grammar

Reported speech

Passive voice

Conditionals

Further practice

You can find the answers to all assignments in the notes of the Powerpoint

Reported speech

Reported Speech 

(talking about what other people have said)

What is reported speech?

Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". 

Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said. We report what was said. 

Reported speech

Direct speech: the literal, exact words someone says:

• Mike: “I am very angry with you”. 

Often in written text with quotation marks "..."/'...'

Indirect/reported speech: when you tell someone what somebody else said. 

• He said (that) he was very angry with me. 

No quotation marks in written text.

 

What changes?

- Tense (present to past) 

- Pronouns ( I, we, you) 

- Pronouns (here → there, this → that, these → those) 

- Adverbials of time (yesterday → the day before, tomorrow→ the following/ next day) 

Changing the tense

Direct speech                      Mary: "He tells a lie"   

Reported speech               She said that he told a lie

Present simple        →       Past simple  

So what happens is that when we change the verb tense, we take a step 'back in time', as it were. 

Jack said: "We must leave soon."

She asked me: "When will I see you again?"

Mom said: "Don't worry!"

The police asked me: "When did you leave the house this morning?"

He said: "I'll think about it."

Passive voice

What is the passive voice?

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. 

In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

Passive Voice

Passive voice

"her hair is brushed"

"his car was stolen"

"the project will be finished"

"I have been invited to a party tomorrow"

"The product has been in production since 2002"

By zombies? 

The zombies rule

If you can put 'by zombies' behind it, it's passive voice

"he parked the car" "by zombies" --> active voice

"the car has been parked" "by zombies" --> passive voice

How to make passive voice

He shot all the zombies --> all the zombies were shot by him

split up the sentence into parts, switch them up and put them back together

noun(onderwerp) - verb(werkwoord) - object(lijdend voorwerp)

object - verb - noun

The Government is planning a new road near my house.

1. passive
2. active

This room has been painted blue.

1. passive
2. active

Ryan likes to play football.

1. passive
2. active

Cricket is played in Australia.

1. passive
2. active

Could Jenny lock the door?

He must fill in the form.

Will the plumber repair the shower?

Our boss will sign the contract.

Conditionals

ZERO CONDITIONAL

FIRST CONDITIONAL

SECOND CONDITIONAL

THIRD CONDITIONAL

CONDITIONALS

WHAT? Conditionals are sentence structures that explain a particular situation or circumstance and its consequences.

If this happens, then that happens.

FORM? If the sentence starts with 

the ‘if clause’, you add a comma 

between the ‘if clause’ and the 

‘main clause’. 

Which conditional?

5) When he stays up very late

3) If I miss the bus

4) When she watches a movie

2) If I am late for class

1) People get hungry 

A) he is very tired the next morning.

C) she likes to eat popcorn.

E)I take the taxi to work.

D) my teacher gets angry.

B) if they don’t eat. 

This is the zero conditional.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

USE? We use the zero conditional to talk about things which always happen.

-General facts

-Scientific facts

FORM? If/When + present simple , + present simple

EXAMPLES: If you drop an apple, it falls to the ground.

                         If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

Which conditional?

If Thomas and Michael need my help

Sarah will see a doctor

We will watch a movie tonight

If I need more money 

If we are hungry later 

if she still feels sick tomorrow.

I will help them

if we feel bored.

I will find an ATM.

we will order some pizzas.

This is the first conditional.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

FIRST CONDITIONAL

SECOND CONDITIONAL

THIRD CONDITIONAL

FIRST CONDITIONAL

USE? When we talk about specific present or future situations which we believe are real or possible. 

FORM? If/When +  present simple, +  will + infinitive

EXAMPLES: If it rains tomorrow, we will go to the cinema

                         If Juan leaves, Bella will be very sad. 

If the toy cat starts waving,

1. The cat will attack the toy.
2. The cat will mimic the toy.
3. The cat will run away.
4. The cat will attack its owner.

If the door opens,

1. The dogs will act like nothing happened.
2. The dogs will run away.
3. The dogs will attack each other.
4. The dogs will keep barking to each other.

When the cat sees the dog,

1. The cat will jump on top of the dog.
2. The cat will scare the dog away.
3. The cat will run away.
4. The cat will lock the door.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

*If/when the toy cat starts waving, the cat will mimic it. 

*If/when the door opens, the dogs will act like nothing happened.

*If/when the cat sees the dog, the cat will lock the door.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

FIRST CONDITIONAL

SECOND CONDITIONAL

SECOND CONDITIONAL

USE? We use the second conditional when we talk about present or future events that are not likely to happen.

FORM? If + past simple, + would + infinitive

EXAMPLES: If I were you, I would tell her.

                         If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.

 

Which conditional?

1) If people lived on the moon 

2) If aliens landed on Earth

4) If I had longer summer holidays

3) If I won a million dollars

5) I would stay at home all day  

B) I would move there.

D) I would buy an airplane.

E) we would live in peace together

A) if robots could do my work for me.

C)I would travel more.

This is the second conditional

SECOND CONDITIONAL

*If I were a boy, I would roll out of bed in the morning and throw on what I wanted. 

*If I were a boy, I would be a better man.

*If I were a boy, I would listen to her.

*If I were a boy, I would turn of my phone.

*If I were a boy, I would put myself first.

If I won the lottery, ...

Which conditional?

1) If she had not taken drugs,

2) If dinosaurs had survived on Earth,

4) If COVID hadn't existed,

3) If I had won last week's lottery,

5) I would have been on time

B) she would not have killed those people.

D) I would have bought an aeroplane.

E) we would have lived together in peace.

A) if I had left home before 8am.

C)we wouldn't have had online lessons.

This is the THIRD conditional

THIRD CONDITIONAL

USE? We use the third conditional to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.

FORM? if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle

EXAMPLES:

If I had studied, I would have passed the test.

If I had won the lottery, I would have travelled the world.

 

I would have been on time if I had left home before 8am.

THIRD CONDITIONAL

-If she hadn't taken drugs, she wouldn't have killed those people.

-If dinosaurs had survived on Earth, we would've live together in peace

-If I had won last week's lottery, I would've bought an aeroplane.

-I would have been on time if I had left home before 8am.