havo 4 Grammar Revision Units 15-18

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Week 22: Lesson 2

Grammar Revision Units 15-18:

Unit 15: Countable vs Uncountable Nouns

Unit 16: Articles & Possessives

Unit 17: Relative Clauses

Unit 18: Enough, too, very, so, such

Unit 15: Countable vs Uncountable 

Countable (telbare) vs uncountable (ontelbare) nouns

It is handy to know the difference between the 2 when using determiners like: much/many, little/few, some/any

It seems like simple grammar, but I'm still encountering mistakes when it comes to doing this right.

Uncountable (ontelbare) nouns

• You cannot put them in the plural (meervoud)  
• Very often abstract ideas, names of things, substances: milk, sugar, furniture, money, health.
• Determiners to be used with uncountable nouns are:      Much / little / a little / a lot of / lots of / some/any /no / the / plenty of / a large amount of / a great deal of  

Countable (telbare) nouns

• You can put them in the singular (enkelvoud) and the plural (meervoud): chair-chairs, child-children, woman-women, book-books
• Determiners to be used with countable nouns are: Many / few / a few / a lot of / lots of / several / some /any / no / the / plenty of / a large number of  

Words that can be countable and uncountable are: 

 Hair           hair on your head – uncountable 

                     a single hair - countable 

Coffee       product – uncountable 

                     (a cup of) coffee – countable 

Paper         product – uncountable 

                     (news)paper – countable    

Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by adding something. 

Milk - A glass of milk                        Furniture – a piece of furniture 

String - A ball of string                   Thunder – a clap of thunder  

SOME

• In positive sentences:                                                                       There were some apples and a few pears. 
• In questions where you are certain the answer will be yes: Can I try on some of these sweaters, please? 
• In questions where we offer something to someone:     Would you like some more tea?  

ANY

• In negative (not/no) sentences:                                                   There weren’t any newspapers left in the shop. 
• In questions where you do not know what the answer is:   Can I have any more money? (to your boss) 
• It doesn’t matter who/what/where …:                                            You can take any cookie you like. They are all delicious.  

1) My daughter spends _____ money to buy a new computer.

1. a few
2. a lot of
3. many

2) Only ____ people have got big houses with big pools.

1. a few
2. a little
3. much

3) I bought ____ bread for my children one hour ago.

1. a few
2. some
3. any
4. a little

4) Please pass me _____ paper, I seem to have run out.

1. any
2. some
3. much
4. many

5) They didn’t have _____ cheese left, but there weren’t ____ cheeses to choose from to begin with.

1. some, much
2. any, much
3. some, many
4. any, many

Questions?

Next: Articles & Possessives

Unit 16: articles & possessives

Articles (lidwoorden) are: a/an, the

Possessives: 's/', of

Lidwoord a / an

a gebruik je bij woorden die klinken alsof ze

beginnen met een medeklinker:

- a bag, a coat, a university, a union protest

an gebruik je bij woorden die klinken alsof ze

beginnen met een klinker:

- an apple, an orange, an hour, an honourable man

a / an

Je krijgt a/an:

1. voor een telbaar zelfstandig naamwoord in het enkelvoud:     I saw a man outside the bank selling watches
   
2. als je over iets praat 'in het algemeen' of als iets voor het eerst genoemd wordt: A pet is a good companion
   
3. als je praat over een beroep: My aunt is an ER doctor.

the

Je gebruikt the:

• als iets al eerder genoemd is of algemeen bekend is: I wouldn't buy a watch from the man standing outside the bank
  
• als er maar één van is: the Earth, the Eiffel Tower
  
• bij rivieren, zeeën, oceanen, bergen, regio's, nationale groepen en landen die een verzameling van staten zijn: the Rhine, the North Sea, the Alps, the Netherlands, the Irish, the United States
  
• bij gebouwen: I'm going to the prison to visit a prisoner.

the

• bij (dier)soorten: the cat, the polar bear
  
• bij overtreffende trappen: the greatest team in the country, the biggest tower in the world
  
• bij muziekinstrumenten: I play the drums. He plays the violin.
  
• wanneer je over iets specifieks praat: The life of an airline pilot is hard.

Je gebruikt geen lidwoord:

• bij de meeste straten (uitzondering: the High Street), landen, enkele bergen, steden (uitzondering The Hague) , dorpen, meren: I visited Lake Pukaki in New Zealand once. It was gorgous weather and I could see Mount Cook!
  
• als je over een sport praat: I have played handball for many years.
  
• als een zelfstandig naamwoord in zijn algemeenheid gebruikt wordt: Life is hard.
  
• bij ziektes: A lot of people are at home with Covid-19.

Uitdrukkingen zonder lidwoord

Er zijn uitdrukkingen waar we geen lidwoorden gebruiken in het Engels. Deze moet je leren:

go to prison                                                                      to go on holiday

go to church                                                                    in October/Summer

go to school                                                                     to hold office

go to hospital

go to bed

to have lunch

Possessives (bezittelijke vormen, p 107)

1. Enkelvoudige zelfs. naamwoorden krijgen een 's er achter: my sister's coat. 
2. Meervoudige zelfs. naamwoorden krijgen alleen een ' er achter: the visitors' cars. Uitzonderingen hierop zijn onregelmatige meervouden zoals: children, (wo)men, mice, feet, people, sheep. Deze krijgen wel een 's erachter: children's, mice's, people's.
3. Let op! Namen met een -s krijgen 's: Thomas's book, Alex's car
4. Als we het over tijd of afstand hebben krijg je ook 's: a month's holiday, a day's drive
5. We gebruiken of als we het hebben over objecten of posities: the back of the room, the film of the book
6. We gebruiken een zelf. nw om een ander zelf.nw te beschrijven wanneer het gaat over wat voor soort, gebruik of plek: a pear tree, a coffee cup, a shop window 

1) Welcome to ___ Tuvana Island, your vacation paradise in ___ South Pacific.

1. -, an
2. the, the
3. a, the
4. -, the

2) Tuvana Resort offers ___ number of excursions to make your stay on ___ island more enjoyable

1. an, the
2. -, the
3. a, the
4. the, -

3) If you wish to join ___ outing, please register with ___ concierge.

1. an, the
2. a, an
3. a, the
4. the, an

4) Please note ___ daily excursion to ___ Mt. Kapuhu is highly recommended.

1. an, -
2. the, the
3. the, a
4. the, -

Questions?

Next: Relative Clauses

Unit 17: Relative Clauses

Relative clauses zijn betrekkelijke bijzinnen. Er staan betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden in: who/whom/whose, which/that, when/where/why

Er zijn 2 verschillende soorten relative clauses:

- defining relative clauses  (informatie is belangrijk)

- non-defining relative clauses (informatie is niet belangrijk)

Defining relative clause

1. Geeft informatie die je nodig hebt om de hoofdzin te begrijpen. De info staat niet tussen komma's: The man who was involved in that accident in Church street is my uncle.
   
2. Je kan who en which vervangen met that (maar is niet verplicht!): The man that was involved in that accident in Church street is my uncle.
   
3. Als het betr. vnw niet het onderwerp van de zin is dan mag je het eruit laten: The man (who/that) my aunt kissed at the party is her neighbour. 

Non-defining relative clause

1. Staat altijd tussen 2 kommma's omdat het extra informatie geeft die niet belangrijk is om de hoofdzin te begrijpen: Napoleon, who liked chocolate, lost the battle of Waterloo.
   
2. Je kan who en which niet vervangen met that: Napoleon, that liked chocolate, lost the battle of Waterloo.☹
   
3. Je kan het betr. vnw niet weglaten omdat het de positie van het onderwerp inneemt: Napoleon, liked chocolate, lost the battle of Waterloo. ☹
   

Who, whom, & whose

1. Who gebruiken we als onderwerp of lijd vw: The woman who I saw is Margaret.
   
2. Whom gebruik je na een voorzetsel (to/on/at etc): The woman to whom I gave a rose is my friend Margaret.
   
3. Whose gebruik je voor bezittelijke vormen: The woman whose friend is called Margaret bought a rose.

When, where, & why

When, where en why kunnen gebruikt worden na een zelfstandig naamwoord (noun):

1. when verwijst naar tijd: Easter is the time when we eat many chocolate eggs.
   
2. where verwijst naar locatie: The park where we played football when we were kids will be closed.
   
3. why verwijst naar reden: Nobody can tell me the reason why they left early.

1) The programme __ you watched last night is on again tonight.

1. which
2. who
3. -
4. that

2) The desserts on the menu, none of __ I liked, were all too expensive.

1. who
2. that
3. which
4. -

3) The person __ spoke to her had a Scottish accent.

1. whom
2. who
3. which
4. whose

4) What's the name of that guy ______ party we went to last week?

1. which
2. whose
3. whom
4. that

5) I remember the day _____ I met her like it was just yesterday.

1. where
2. which
3. when
4. why

Questions?

Next: Enough, too, very, so, such

Unit 18: Enough

1.  After an adjective or adverb, to say that sm or smth has as much of a quality as is needed: This boy is clever enough to do this difficult sum.   
2. Before an uncountable noun or a plural noun, to say that there is as much of smth as is needed: There is enough milk to make pancakes.   
3. Used after an adverb in certain expressions
4. As a pronoun: Enough had been done to fix the problem with the pump.  
5. With a modifying adverb (hardly): There’s hardly enough water for everyone
6. With certain adverbs for emphasis: Funnily enough, he had just said the same thing.  

Unit 18: Too (te/ook)

1. Before an adjective or adverb, indicating that there is more of something than is acceptable or desirable (Nl: te): It’s too cold to go outside. / The test’s too difficult to do. 
2. To show that 2 things/people have something in common (Nl: ook): You speak French too, don’t you? 
3. Used for emphasis (Nl: ook): The game is easy to play, and cheap too. 
4. With a quantifier (Nl; te): There are too many people in here. /  There’s too much traffic on the road.    
   

Unit 18: Very

 • Before an adjective or adverb, 

as an intensifier (Nl; erg / veel)

The soup is very hot.  

Unit 18: so

1. Used for emphasis:  It rained so much that we could not leave our tent.
2. Used to express the same idea: It snowed so much that we couldn’t go to school.
3. An amount is approximate:  There is only so much we can do.
4. To refer back to something that has already been mentioned:If this is so, your money will be refunded.  

Unit 18: such

1. Used for emphasis: He is such a nice guy that everyone wanted to help him.
   
2. Used to express the same idea: There was such a serious traffic jam that we arrived late.
   
3. Can be used to give an example: Things such as airbeds are forbidden in this pool
   

1) She is ___ old to work.

1. so
2. very
3. too
4. enough

2) The pan was ___ hot that I nearly dropped it!

1. such
2. so
3. enough
4. very

3) I'll never forget my first day at work. It was ___ a disaster that I lost my job!

1. such
2. enough
3. so
4. very

4) Don't worry about your mother, she'll be home ____ soon.

1. enough
2. very
3. too
4. so

5) She is tall ___ to reach the shelf, but she is standing ___ far way to actually touch it.

1. enough, very
2. too, very
3. enough, too
4. enough, so

End of class

• Don't forget, the formative test on the grammar & vocabulary of Units 13-18 is next week!
• Study the Lesson Up lessons, practise the grammar, study the vocabulary exercises and, of course, ask questions if you get stuck.
• Your result on this test should be above 60%!