H5 - 2021- nouns & plural forms; indefinite and definite article; some and any; pronouns

• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 5

Today's class

Review

Definite articles - ex. a/b/c - p. 33

Some/any - ex. a/b/c - p. 35

New + HW Friday

Pronouns p. 36-37 and personal pronouns p. 38-39  

ex. a/b/c p. 37 + ex. a/b p. 38 +  a/b p 39

The Lottery + questions = HW Friday

Nouns - plural forms - part III

• Nouns - only singular form: 
  

advice, coal, information, property, strength, business, progress, furniture

(It was business as usual.  But: these bits of information, two pieces of furniture; several businesses -> in the meaning of  companies)

• Nouns - only  plural form:
  

environs, surroundings, oats, riches, stairs, wages, contents, thanks

(These surroundings are beautiful!)

• Nouns of tools and clothing consisting of equal parts
  

jeans, pants, trousers, scissors, pyjamas, slacks (nice pair of pants for work!), goggles, glasses, scales, compasses

(one pair of jeans, one pair or two pairs of scissors, one pair of compasses)

Nouns - plural forms - part III

• Little (weinig) -> uncountable nouns (material, abstract nouns -> milk, love)
  
• Few (weinig) -> countable nouns ( nouns that take -s/-es or a different plural ending)
  

• A little (een beetje) -> uncountable nouns (material, abstract nouns -> wood, comfort)
  
• A few (een paar) -> countable nouns (chairs, people!, stars, children, men etc.)
  

Nouns - plural forms - part I

1. What is the common plural form?.
2. When do nouns take "-ES" as their plural form? (Rule + exceptions)
   


3. When do nouns take "-IES" as their plural form (Rule + exceptions)
4. When do nouns take "-VES" as their plural form (Rule + exceptions)
5. Which 3 other plural forms other than the above exist? 

Nouns - plural forms - part I

1. -S What is the common plural form?.
   
2. When do nouns take "-ES" as their plural form? (Rule + exceptions)
   
3. When do nouns take "-IES" as their plural form (Rule + exceptions)
   
4. When do nouns take "-VES" as their plural form (Rule + exceptions)
   
5. Which 3 other plural forms other than the above exist? > chairs/trees/dogs etc.
   

1. -S = common form
2. a) -ES -> after nouns ending in "s" sound ->. kisses/buses/watches/boxes etc.  b -ES -> after nouns ending in vowel -> tomatoes/potatoes/heroes etc. -> STUDY THE EXCEPTIONS (e.g. photos)
3. -Y -> ie -> ladies/babies/cries etc. -> STUDY THE EXCEPTIONS (e.g. turkeys
   
4. -F -> ves -> thieves/loaves/lives etc. -> STUDY THE EXCEPTIONS (e.g. handkerchiefs)
   
5. -EN -> children/oxen / Change in vowel -> foot-feet, mouse-mice, louse-lice, goose-geese, woman-women etc. -> STUDY!!!!!/ Singular = Plural -> sheep/series/means/deer/Chinese (-ese) etc. -> STUDY!!!!

Nouns - plural forms

• Agreement Subject/noun (countable) -> Both men put out their cigarettes/ Women love cats (Women love coffee/Women love their cups of coffee in the morning.)
  

• Plural noun as adjective takes singular form -> a twenty-pound note, a hundred-dollar bill
  

• Crew/family/team/cattle/people/police -> plural form when referring to all members -> The police have arrested the thieves./Dutch people don't want to give up Sinterklaas.
  

• People (volk)/Peoples (volkeren) -> the indigenous peoples of North Africa

Nouns - plural forms - part II

• Nouns - only singular form: 
  

advice, coal, information, property, strength, business, progress, furniture

(It was business as usual.  But: these bits of information, two pieces of furniture)

• Nouns - only  plural form:
  

environs, surroundings, oats, riches, stairs, wages, contents, thanks

(These surroundings are beautiful! These stairs are too steep for me. The contents of the zip files relate to the same topic.) 

• Nouns of tools and clothing consisting of equal parts
  

jeans, pants, trousers, scissors, pyjamas, slacks (nice pair of pants for work!), goggles, glasses, scales

(one pair of jeans, one pair or two pairs of scissors)

Nouns - plural forms - part III

• A lot of and lots of (informal):

To express that there is a large quantity of something.

Used in positive sentences, negative sentences and questions, for both countable or uncountable nouns.

• Much vs. Many
  

To express that there is a large quantity of something.

Used in negative sentences and questions.

Many ->countable nouns (many CDs, pieces of information)

Much -> uncountable nouns (much milk, much information).

But with the word"times" -> many times (more than a lot of times / lots of times). 

 I've read it many times.Don't worry, I've done this many times.We have stayed at this hotel many times over the years.

Nouns - plural forms - part III

• Little (weinig) -> uncountable nouns
  
• Few (weinig) -> countable nouns
  

• A little (een beetje) -> uncountable nouns
  
• A few (een paar) -> countable nouns
  

Practice

Blue booklet

ex. A/B/C - p. 27

Nouns - plural forms - part III

• Nouns - only singular form: 
  

advice, coal, information, property, strength, business, progress, furniture

(It was business as usual.  But: these bits of information, two pieces of furniture; advice = adviezen, one piece of advice = advies)

• Nouns - only  plural form:
  

environs, surroundings, oats, riches, stairs, wages, contents, thanks

(These surroundings are beautiful! Many thanks! These stairs are too steep!)

• Nouns of tools and clothing consisting of equal parts
  

jeans, pants, trousers, scissors, pyjamas, slacks (nice pair of pants for work!), goggles, glasses, scales

(one pair of jeans, one pair or two pairs of scissors, two pairs of swimming trunks)

Grammatical concord nouns

1. The man parks his car./The girl reads a newspaper.
   
2. The men park their cars./The girls read newspapers
   
3. The men park their car./The girls read a newspaper.
   

Difference between nos. 2 and 3?

Group nouns

• army
  
• audience
  
• committee
  
• company
  
• crew
  
• enemy
  
•  family 
  
• flock
  
• gang
  
• government
  
• group
  
• herd
  
• public
  
• regiment
  
• staff
  
• team
  

British English:

Plural ->  when referring to the group as individual members:

The government are always changing their minds.

The crew are arguing about the new lighting plan.

The staff disagree about the new opening times

Singular -> when referred to as a group

The Customer Service staff is unavailable after 6 P.M. (all members/the entire group)

Always plural:

• Police -> The police have caught the thief.
  
• People -> The people have voted for a new President.

Nouns - plural forms - part III

• A lot of and lots of (informal) ->  positive sentences, negative sentences and questions, for both countable or uncountable nouns.

• Much vs. Many ->  negative sentences and questions.

Many ->countable nouns (many CDs, pieces of information)

Much -> uncountable nouns (much milk, much information).

But with the word"times" -> many times (more than a lot of times / lots of times). 

 I've read it many times.Don't worry, I've done this many times.We have stayed at this hotel many times over the years.

Indefinite article

Blue booklet

ex. A/B/C - p. 31

Indefinite article (a/an)

General Rule

• Used for nouns relating to a profession, job, rank, religion etc. (She's a doctor, He's a feminist, She's a Muslim)
  
• Used after AS, WITH(OUT) (Don't leave without a jacket)
  
• Used after THE PROFESSION OF, THE CAREER OF, THE TRADE OF (She's looking into a career as a bookkeeper)
  

Exceptions:

• Don't use a/an for plural nouns (Have you been able to find pants yet? Both sisters wanted to become surgeons)
  
• Don't use for job positions that can only be held by ONE person (She wanted to become President. As captain of the team..)
  

General rule exclamations:

What a(n) + noun (that also has a plural form) -> What a lovely day! What a great opportunity! What a great book!

In all other cases -> no a/an -> What delicious wine! What great books! Those were amazing opportunities! 

Indefinite article (a/an)

Exclamations:

What a(n) + noun (for a singular noun that also has a plural form) -> What a lovely day! What a great opportunity! What a great book!

No a/an for these exclamations:

-> What delicious wine! (wine-> no plural form) 

-> What great books! Those were amazing opportunities! ( -> plural forms)

But: What a pity! What a shame!

Definite Article - The

Use "the" to indicate a specific thing/person/animal

NO "the" - NO Definite article

• abstract nouns (love, life)
  

• plural nouns GENERAL USE (bananas are expensive) N.B.: when referring to SPECIFIC bananas: use "the"
  

• buildings referring to use (I go to school every day. He goes to church on Sunday. He had to go to hospital for his injuries.)
  

• names of meals when referring to time (after breakfast, before lunch, during supper)
  

• names of seasons used in a general sense (Summer is the time for swimming, fun and laughter. But: The summer I remember best is ....
  

• proper names + the name of a building/street/park etc. (Buckingham Palace, Central Park, 10 Downing Street)

• Most / next / last (most people, next Friday, last week)
  

Some(& compound words)

• Affirmative sentences (bevestigende zinnen)
• Answer is expected to be "yes" -> Could you lend me some money?
• Polite/rethorical questions -> Is there someone out there?
•       Een zekere/een of andere -> Some guy asked me for my number.
•       Ongeveer -> There were some 100 people at the party.

Any (& compound words)

• Negative sentences (ontkennende zinnen) -> I didn't see anyone out there.
  
• In combination with negative words (ontkennende woorden) -> There are hardly any people left. / Is there anything you do around here?
  
• Answer is expected to be "no" or uncertain -> You don't happen to have any cash on you, do you?
  
• In Affirmative sentences you can use "no" 

-> We didn't have any money left/We didn't see it anywhere (= negative sentences)  

-> We had no money left./We saw it nowhere. (= affirmative sentences)

• Any -> welke dan ook; ook maar een beetje (Can I have a CD? Sure, just take any.; If you have any sense at all, you wouldn't do this.)

Demonstrative Pronouns

This (deze/dichtbij enkv.); 

These (deze/dichtbij mv)

That (die/verderaf enkv.);

Those (die/verderaf mv.)

Relative Pronouns - who/that/which/whom

Persons - who, that (=informal)

Things - that, which

Pet (has a name) - who

Animal (no name) - that, which

Preposition + whom 

(To whom it may concern; With whom are you going to the prom?)

BUT: Who(m) are you going to the prom with?

Zinsdeel - which (She was really tired, which was no surprise to me.)

Relative Pronouns

Whose = wiens/van wie   (Whose coat is that? Whose viewpoint are you defending?)

Why = reden     (The reason why he did it was unclear.)

How = manier waarop     (How did you manage to make it?)

When = tijd, moment.  (The teacher asked me when I could do the resit.)

What = the things that - grotere keuze (What would you like to drink?)

Which = dingen - beperkte keuze/keuze uit 2 (We have coffee and tea. Which would you like?)

Fixed expression: What time is it? = Hoe laat is het?

Relative Pronouns - who/that/which - restrictive/non- restrictive

The man, who was always dresses to the tees, went on holiday -> non-restrictive, extra information & not required to understand the message

The man who/that is standing over there is my uncle -> restrictive, only that man

The book, which is a great book, is a best-seller. -> non-restrictive, extra info

The book which/that she wanted was sold out -> restrictive, only that book

Restrictive -> no commas; which/that

Non-restrictive -> commas; which

Relative Pronouns - who/that/which - mag je weglaten wanneer dit NIET het onderwerp is bij het werkwoord

The man who(m) I met is nice.  -> I = onderwerp bij "met" -> je kan "who(m)" weglaten

The man I met is nice

The man who comes here often has been hospitalized. -> who = onderwerp bij "comes -> je kan who NIET weglaten

The man who comes here often has been hospitalized.

This is the thing which/that we talked about yesterday. -> we = onderwerp bij "talked" -> je kan "which of that" weglaten

This is the thing we talked about yesterday.

This is the thing which/that is important -> which/that = onderwerp bij "is" -> je kan "which of that" NIET weglaten

This is the thing that is important.

Personal pronouns

Subject

(Onderwerp)

I

you

he/she

it 

we

you

they

Note: it = also used to refer to a baby/little child

Note: he/she = used to refer to your pet 

Personal pronouns

Indirect object 

(meewerkend voorwerp)

me

you

him/her

it

us

you

them

Personal pronouns

Possessive

(bezittelijk)

my - it is mine

your - it is yours

his/her - it is his/hers

its

our - it is ours

your - it is yours

their - it is theirs

Key - p. 27

A.

1. buses
2. mice
3. geese
4. churches
5. thieves
6. series
7. cuckoos
8. roofs
9. means
10. deer
11. safes
12. shelves

Key - p. 27

A.

13. sheep

14. Chinese

15. gases

16. cities

17. glasses

18. photos

19. policemen

20. studios

21. Germans

22. cargos

23. keys

24. babies

Key - plural forms - p. 27

B. 

1. bikinis; toothbrushes
2. aircraft
3. means
4. Swiss; watches
5. tomatoes
6. mice; lice
7. centuries; houses
8. gasworks
9. mouths; boys
10. turkeys

Key - plural forms - p. 27

C. 

1. Each evening/night the farmers counted their sheep and geese.
2. The photos are quite clear.
3. They cut their loaves of bread with sharp knives.
4. What do the Chinese think of the Japanese?
5. These means are better than all the others. (een manier = means -> singular. The best means of keeping your teeth clean is to use an electric tooth brush)
6. All aircraft will be painted white.
7. This book cost 5 pounds, and I paid for it with a five-pound note/5-pound note.
8. The 17-year-old girl didn't/did not like tomatoes.

Key - p. 29 - plural nouns/a pair of /much/many/little/few

A. 

1. much information (non-countable - abstract noun)
2. three pairs of trousers
3. they are on the chair
4. a sound piece of advice
5. some furniture
6.  His strength
7. Little progress (non-countable - abstract noun)
8. All his riches haven't
9. this pair of scissors (these scissors = ok; a new pair of; new ones)
10. all my property

Key - p. 29 - plural nouns/a pair of /much/many/little/few

B

1. much 
2. information was
3. police take (police takes = US; on test stick to UK police take); public are
4. These are my trousers. Take them off
5. Two pairs of shorts and three pairs of tights please
6. business is business
7. My swimming trunks are nowhere to be found.
8. few cattle (countable)
9. She gave me a sound piece of advice.
10. Many cattle were lost. (countable)

Key - p. 29 - plural nouns/a pair of /much/many/little/few

C.

1. The peoples of the world should unite.
2. Are the environs of Glasgow interesting?
3. Where is the new furniture?
4. They only gave a little information.
5. For his birthday last year, he got one pair of pants and two pairs of sunglasses.
6. We sold 40,000 (NOTE the comma) pairs of swimming trunks last year.
7. Many thanks for your letter.
8. The government have decided to stimulate the export.

Key - p.31 - indefinite article

A

1. a, a
2. a
3. -
4. a
5. a, a
6. -
7. -
8. a
9. -
10. a
11. a
12. a
13. a
14. a
15. a

   

Key - p.31 - indefinite article

B.

1. Hij was gekozen tot de (nieuwe) president van Amerika.

2. Sue is de secretaresse van onze bank manager.

3. Mijn vriendin wil dat ik miljonair word.

4. Hij is benoemd tot de manager van M.U.

5. All zijn broers zijn tandarts geworden.

6. Wie is de aanvoerder van ons team morgen?

7. Hij is wereldberoemd als pianist.

8. Wat draag je een mooie jurk.

9. Hij was de burgemeester van Londen vorig jaar.

10. Hij is de aartsbisschop van York

Key - p.31 - indefinite article

C.

1. Als a young girl, she wanted to become a teacher.
2. The profession of a doctor seems appealing to me.
3. What a sweet boy!
4.  Such lovely gardens!
5. Don't go outside without a coat/jacket!
6. He's a corporal.
7. Is she a communist?
8. He is chairperson of our society.
9. What delicious whisky!

Key Definite article - p. 33 

Ex. A

1. the
2. -
3. -
4. -
5. -
6. -
7. -
8. the
9. -
10. -
11. -
12. -
13. -
14. the
15. the
16. the

Key Definite article - p. 33 

Ex. B

1. college
2. Life; art
3. the life
4. Most people
5. The love
6. The hospital
7. Cars
8. The cars

Key Definite article - p. 33 

Ex. C

1. He studied at Oxford University.
2. We are going to visit Windsor Castle
3. Can you tell me where I can find the hospital?
4. Do you remember the winter of 1987?
5. Last week I smoked my last cigarette.
6. He was taken to hospital.
7. We have to be careful with nature.
8. Most people enjoy/love watching TV.
9. What time do we eat?
10. Computers have become cheaper this year.

Key Some/any - p. 35

Ex. A

1. any; some 
2. any 
3. some; any
4. some
5. any
6. any; some
7. some; no
8. any
9. some; any
10. Some (= een of andere)

Key Some/any - p. 35

Ex. B.

1. anywhere
2. anyone (you don't know if anyone does)
3. something; anything
4. anything
5. someone; no one
6. anything on TV; somewhere
7. anyone
8. something (you expect the answer to be yes)

Key Some/any - p. 35

Ex. C

1. Would you like (a cup of) coffee with some cookies?

2. Can someone tell me why I'm here/what I'm doing here?

3. I haven't seen him anywhere. Do you think something has happened to him.

4. There was hardly any wind today.

5. No one tells me what to do!

6. Some stupid kid/child threw some rocks at me.

Key Some/any - p. 35

Ex. C

7. Are you going to do something about it? (you expect the answer to be yes)

8. Hardly anyone ever listens to this show/programme.

9. Shall I get us some french fries/chips?

10. Do you have any books on WW II?

Relative pronouns - p. 37 - Key

Ex. A  - alle mogelijkheden 

Wanneer pronoun kan worden weggelaten dan een -

1. who
2. whose
3. - ;that; which
4. which
5. -; that; which
6. -;that;which
7. -;who;that
8. whom 
9. -;that; which
10. in which (= waarin)
11. which
12. whose
13. -;who; whom; that
14. which
15. who;that

Relative pronouns - p. 37

Ex. B. - translation N-E

1. The man, whose son has lived/has been living in Canada for ten/10 years now/so far, is a farmer.

2. The woman with whom he was talking is not his wife/spouse = formal

The woman (who/whom/that/-)he was talking to is not his wife/spouse = informal

3. The building that/which you see over there is the police station.

4. What is the name of the boy with whom you were talking? = formal

What is the name of the boy who/whom/that/- you were talking to? = informal

5. Is this the pen which/that/- you were looking for?

6. The men who/that robbed the bank have been arrested.

7. He is in love with a girl who/that/- he met on a field trip.

Relative pronouns - p. 37 - Key

Ex. B. - translation N-E

8. The knife with which the man was murdered/killed has not been found yet.

Waarmee = with which

Waarin = in which

Waaraan = what are you thinking of

Waar = where alleen wanneer het een plaats betreft

Let op:

• that -> nooit tussen komma's
• - (geen pronoun) wanneer relative pronoun niet het onderwerp is -> het heeft de voorkeur om niets in te vullen
• Let op verschil formeel/informeel: with whom = formeel

Personal pronouns - p. 38

Ex. A

1. her
2. it
3. it
4. she; them (she -> huisdier, en vanwege puppies dus vrouwelijk)
5. it
6. us
7. them
8. it
9. him
10. they (niet which omdat er om een PERSONAL pronoun wordt gevraagd)

Personal pronouns - p. 39

Ex. B. - translation N-E + STUDY THE VERBS ON PAGE 38

1. How old is this dog? It's 5 years old (pet: He/she is 5 years old)

2. Where is my bag? It is under the table.

3. I asked my teacher, but he didn't know it.

4. When did you meet her?

5. I have to work on Saturday, but I don't mind.

6. They have helped us.

7. Why haven't you told me?

8. Has he invited you?

9. Is she ill? I believe so.

10. Will it be dry tomorrow? I hope so.

13. Do you understand?

14. I can't remember.

Interrogative pronouns - p. 39

Ex. A

1. Who

2. What

3. Who; whom

4. Which

5. Why

6. whom

7. which

8. When

9. When

10. Whose

11. Who; whom

12. What

13. Where; why; when

14. Which

Interrogative pronouns - p. 40

Ex. B - Translation N-E

1. Who has told you this?

2. Which players got a yellow cared