Section 8.2 An overpopulated planet?

• Geography

Introductie

The world population is growing rapidly. The amount of space available for each person on the planet is shrinking. 

How fast is the population growing, and what are the differences between the world’s regions?

How much people live on our planet in 1950?

1. 1 billion
2. 2.5 billion
3. 7.5 billion
4. 10 billion

How much people live on our planet in 1950?

1. 1 billion
2. 2.5 billion
3. 7.5 billion
4. 10 billion

Population size

The population of a region (city, country continent or world) can change. This is caused by :

• natural population growth or shrinkage (G136)
• net migration (G137)

Population figures can be shown in absolute and relative figures (G138)

G136 Natural population growth

• The birth rate is the number of babies born in a year per 1,000 inhabitants. 

• The mortality (death) rate is the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 inhabitants.
  

Birth surplus. =  the number of births in a year is higher than the number of deaths, 

Mortality surplus  = the number of deaths is higher than te number of births. 

G137 Net migration rate

• The net migration rate is the change in population size due to the number of people entering and leaving an area. 
• An immigration surplus (or a positive net migration rate) means that the number of people entering an area is higher than the number of people leaving. 
• An emigration surplus (or a negative net migration rate) means that the number of people leaving an area is higher than the number of people lentering. 

G138 Population figures: absolute and relative

Population figures can be shown in two ways. Look at the figure.

• In the left-hand column, the population figures are shown as absolute figures.

• In the left-hand column, the population figures are shown as relative figures. These numbers are permillages (per 1,000, or: ‰). A birth rate of 10‰ means an average of 10 births per 1,000 people in one year

When you use relative figures it is easier to compare different areas.

Natural population growth is based on

1. the amount of births and immigrants
2. the births and deaths combined.
3. the immigrants and emigrants combined
4. the births, deaths, immigration and emigration combined

When the immigration is higher than the emigration there is a

1. birth surplus
2. natural population growth
3. immigration surplus
4. net migration rate

Permillage means

1. per 10
2. per 100
3. per 1000
4. per 10000

The birth rate is

1. the absolute number of births in percentages
2. the relative number of births in percentages
3. the absolute number of births in permillage
4. the relative number of births in permillage

Population charts

• You can show the population in population . The shape of a population chart tells you the characteristics of the age structure (G142).
• These charts can help you for population projection (the estimation of the future population size, based on calculations).
• You can use these population charts to describe or predict a long-term change in population growth due to birth and mortality rates . This is known as demographic transition. (G143)

G142

Types of population charts

 The shape tells you the characteristics of the age structure (see Figure 5.8).

• Chart A is shaped like a pyramid (high birth rate, no family planning, fase 1 and 2 demographic transition model (DTM).
• Chart B is shaped like a grenade (rich counties, low birth rate, fase 4  (DTM).
• Chart C is shaped like an urn (fallen birth rate, mortality surplus, fase 4 and 5 DTM).

G143

Demographic transition

Demographic transition = long-term change in population growth due to birth and mortality rates is known as . 

The demographic transition model shows how a society with high birth and mortality rates changes in four phases to a society with low birth and mortality rates.

G143

Demographic transition

• In phase 1, the birth and mortality rates are both high. This means that the population is slowly increasing.
• In phase 2 the mortality rates fall quickly, but birth rates remain high. There is rapid natural population growth (population explosion)
• In phases 3 and 4, population growth slows down. The transition is complete. As in phase 1, the population only increases slowly.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

What is not typical for stage 1 of the demographic transition?

1. High birth rate
2. High infant mortality
3. Population ageing
4. High death rate

True or False: stage 2 began around the time of the Industrial Revolution

1. True
2. False

Drag the correct hotspot to the correct place in the graph. If you press the hotspot (?) the explanation opens.

In deze fase sterven er veel mensen: Er is weinig geld voor gezondheidszorg, voedsel, veilig drinkwater en hygiëne

In this phase the average income of a country rises. This improves basic facilities. This will improve healthcare, ensure safe drinking water and vaccinate many more people. This reduces the mortality rate.

There is a big difference between the birth and death rates. The death rate is low while the birth rate is high. Because many more people are born than die, the population is growing enormously.

The country continues to develop. Girls go to school longer, work more often and get married later. As a result, they have children later and the birth rate drops.

At some point, rich countries have low birth rates and low death rates. Because they are about the same low, the population hardly grows. Many rich countries (such as the Netherlands) are in this phase.

In the 5th phase, the mortality rate rises again. Not because the country becomes poor or war breaks out, but because the population has become so old that this group of people is dying. Countries such as Germany and Russia have entered this phase.

True or False: stage 2 began around the time of the Industrial Revolution

1. True
2. False

Which keyword belongs to stage 5?

1. Young population
2. Population ageing
3. Population decline
4. Baby boom

At stage 2, the population rises because of lower birth rates

1. True
2. False

What is typical for stage 3?

1. Death rate rises
2. Death rate stabilises
3. Birth rate rises
4. Birth rate goes down

During stage 4

1. Population numbers stay more or less the same
2. Population skyrockets
3. Population goes down due to population ageing

Decrease in the number of people younger than 20

1. Population ageing
2. Dejuvenation
3. Deyouthing
4. Population younging

Drag the letters A to D to the correct place in the diagram. Click on the letter to find out what it is

The population chart of China will be in the shape of an urn in 2015 and 2040.

A

In 2040 there will be an aging population in China.

B

Between 2015 and 2040, there is dejuvenation due to the one-child policy

C

Population growth

• What can you tell about population growth (G239).
• Is there a difference between rich and poor countries?
• Is the population still growing?
• Which figures do we us for population growth?
• Why is the population growing?

G239

Population growth

• The population in poor countries is growing faster than in rich countries. 
• Birth rates in poor countries have dropped, but are still higher than in the Netherlands. 
• The rapid population growth  - a lot of money -  for amenities  (schools and hospitals)

The high birth rates are partly a result of poverty.

• In general, there is not enough money for effective birth control (family planning) and people do not know enough about it.
• Also, many people do not practice birth control, because they see each child as a worker.Children are also a kind of social insurance. 

absolute growth

relative growth

www.worldometers.info

More births than deaths in a year

1. Birth rate
2. Death rate
3. Birth surplus
4. Fertility rate

Decrease in the number of people younger than 20

1. Population ageing
2. Dejuvenation
3. Deyouthing
4. Population younging

Uneven growth

Coursebook

Approaching 10 billion

• The world population is growing rapidly. Forecast: ten billion people by around 2060. 
• The absolute population increase is enormous. 
• Relative population growth has been decreasing since 1970. This is due to falling fertility rates.

Fertility rate

Uneven growth

The world population is not increasing at the same rate everywhere.

• Rich countries: low population growth (or even a decrease), population ageing is increasing 
• Poor contries: high population growth, a young population. Demographic investments to deal population explosion demographic investment (enough amenities like houses, schools, hospitals)

The average number of children women have

1. fertility rate
2. birth rate
3. birth number
4. fertility number

Bij welke pyramide beginnen veel landen met family planning/welfare?

1. Piramide
2. Granaat/Toren
3. Urn

Urban and rural regions

• The world population is growing fast.
• In rich contries most people live in the city.
• In poor countries more and more people migrate to the cities.
• The percentage of city dwellers in rich and poor contries (240)

Why does the population grow this fast?

1. Better agriculture
2. Better medicine
3. More space
4. More diseases.