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2.2 The Rhine: a river in Europe
Slide 1 - Diapositive
Aims
After studying this section, you will be able to:
Describe the differences between the upper, middle and lower courses of the river Rhine;
Explain the different uses of the river Rhine.
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Erosion, weathering, sedimentation
Erosion
Process of wearing away rock, soil or other solid materials.
Weathering
Process in which rocks are broken down.
Sedimentation
Process of deposition (leaving behind materials).
Slide 5 - Diapositive
Freeze-thaw weathering
Biological weathering
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A cross section of the river Rhine
The gradient decreases when the river flows from the source to the mouth.
The source of the river is in the Swiss Alps. This part is the upper course of the river.
Most of the middle course lies in Germany.
The lower course is in the Netherlands where it flows into the North Sea via a delta.
Here you find processes like weathering, erosion and transportation.
The most important process in the delta is sedimentation.
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Drainage basin
From the source in the Alps to the mouth in The Netherlands;
1,230 kilometres long;
The Rhine is a mixed river: Mostly rainfall water in winter and glacial water in summer.
The discharge is the amount of water that flows by a certain place in m3/s.
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Calculating fall and drop of river
The fall = The difference in height between two places along a river.
The drop = The fall of the river per kilometre.
The difference in height between Spijk (where the Rhine enters the Netherlands) and Hoek of Holland (where it flows into the sea) is 12 metres. Between these two places the river Rhine has a length of 150 kilometres.
What is the fall?
Calculate the drop of the river.
Answers
Fall = 12 metres.
Drop = 12 m / 150 km= 0.08 m/km.
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Groynes help to limit river bank erosion and to keep the water depth in the middle of the river constant and accessible for ships.
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International agreements are needed against pollution
(the figure shows the amount of microplastics found)
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