Refresher lesson

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Unit 4: Reproduction

Planning for today

•  Make this 'refresher lessonup'. 

Done? 

•  Check if you've made all the homework exercises.

Basic 1: You are changing

*You can name some things that are changing during puberty

*You understand that everyone develops at their own pace

*You can tell if something is a primary or secondary characteristic 

you are changing

During puberty you change a lot. Especially on the following levels:

1. Physical 

2. Emotional 

3. Social 

The features of people that tell us their gender are called sexual characteristics.

Physical changes of the woman

The sexual characteristics present at birth are called the primary sexual characteristics:

- Vagina and labia

- Ovaries.

The sexual characteristics that start appearing from about the age of ten onwards are called: The secondary sexual characteristics 

- Breasts have grown,

- Wider hips

- Reproductive organs will start to function.

Physical changes in men

The primary sexual characteristics:

- Penis and scrotum

- Testes

The secondary sexual characteristics:

- More muscular body,

- Deeper voice, 

- Beard and chest hair

- Reproductive organs will start to function.

Physical changes during puberty don't happen all at once. 

Everyone develops on their on pace.

There is no need to worry if you are a bit later or earlier than the average!

Emotional changes

Your emotional view of the world also changes during puberty. 

Your feelings change and you become more independent. 

You also start thinking more about: relationships, friendships, love, sex, etc.

Social changes

You social view of the world changes too.  

Your attitude towards your parents changes; you don't want to be treated like a child anymore / you want to be more independent.

You might want to hang out with different people.

PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS

a penis

a vagina

a beard

breasts

Basic 2: the male reproductive system

External male reproductive system

1.  Testes: Makes the sperm cells
2. Scrotum: Protects testes and has a lower temperature, which is good for sperm cell production. 
3. Epididymis: Temporary storage for sperm cells.
4. Sperm duct: Transports the sperm cells.

External male reproductive system

5. Seminal vesicle: Adds fluid with nutrition to the sperm cells. 
6. Prostate: adds fluid to sperm cells. 
Fluids + sperm cells =  called semen.

7. Urethra: Transports urine + semen to outside.

Sperm cells + ejaculation

Sperm cells are the men's sex cells. 

A single ejaculation contains 100 to 400 million sperm cells.

A spermcell has a tail called flagellum, this helps it move.

Ejaculation gives a man an orgasm/climax.

Sperm cells survive up to 3 days within a woman.

Hormones 

Hormones play an important role in the making of sex cells.

Hormones are substances that control many processes.

During puberty the pituitary glad starts to process certain hormones.

Erection

The purpose of the penis is placing sperm cells inside the woman. 

A penis can become bigger and stiff. This is called an erection. 

The erectile tissue in the penis fills up with blood. 

Testes 

Sperm duct 

Epididymis 

Bladder 

Erectile tissue 

Prostate 

Urethra 

B3: the female reproductive system

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external female reproductive system

External part of the female reproductive system is called the vulva.

Clitoris: is the pleasure center of the vulva.

Inner labia: Glands in the inner labia produce mucus during sexual arousal. This lubricates the entrance of the vagina so the penis can slide in easier. 

Internal female reproductive system

1. Vagina: Where penis enters, where baby exits.

2. Uterus: Place where baby develops.

3. Fallopian tube: carrie egg cells (ovum) to the uterus. 

4. Ovary: Develops ova (sex cells). 

Uterus (baarmoeder)

Fallopian tube (eileider)

Ovary (eierstok)

Urinary bladder (blaas)

Urethra (urinebuis)

Vagina

The video mentions 'ovum'. What is another word for this?

Ovulation

• Ovulation in Dutch = eisprong
• Ovulation = when a ripe egg cell is released by the ovary
• Happens every 4 weeks
• One week left ovary, other week right ovary
• Egg cell live for about 12 to 24 hours.

Where does fertilisation take place?

1. Ovary
2. Fallopian tube
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

Where does a baby grow?

1. Ovary
2. Fallopian tube
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

When people see a woman naked, the might say that they see her vagina. Why is this wrong?

Fertilization - when sperm cell enters egg cell

Ovulation

Fertilization

Cell division

Implantation

sperm cells

egg cells

very small

relatively large

cannot move

contain stored food

can move

do not have stored food

usually one ovum per 4 weeks

millions per ejaculation

MALE PARTS

FEMALE PARTS

BOTH

URETHRA

VAGINA

PENIS

BLADDER

LABIA

GLANS

TESTICLES

UTERUS

OVARIES

CLITORIS

SCROTUM

PROSTATE

Bs 4: Menstruation

Menstruation

When an egg is not fertilised, part of the uterus lining detaches. This is called menstruation.

Average age for girls to start their menstruation is 13.

The menstrual cycle

• After the menstruation the uterus linings starts to grow thicker again and have more blood vessels.
  

•  Ovulation starts +- around 14 days after the start of the last menstruation.

• Next menstruation starts about 28 days after the start of the last one.

Egg cells survive for 1 day,
Sperm cells about 2 to 3 days in the uterus.

What days are the fertile period
(vruchtbare periode) for the woman?

most used menstruation products

Tampons

Tampons are inserted into the vagina. 

They soak up the blood and mucus. 

Should be exchanged every 3 to 4 hours. 

pads

Pads are available in all kinds of shapes and sizes. 

The go into the woman's underwear and soak up any blood and mucus. 

Organicup

The organicup catches and blood and mucus. The picture shows how to insert it. 

You can empty and wash it every few hours.

These kind of underwear are still quite new

They catch the blood. You can wear them up to 8 hours and then wash them.

Done?

Check if you've made the following homework exercises:

Bs 1: 1,2,3,4

Bs 2: 5,6,7

Bs 3: 9,10,11,12

Bs 4: 13,14