1. Start § 4.1

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

instruction

• Characteristic aspect: nationalist movements in the colonies and the striving for independence.
• Especially the situation in the Dutch colony in Asia.
  

Extended instruction: ask questions

Practice:

Make WB assignments. § 4.1
(look in magister which ones you have to do )

Looking back at the previous lessons

During the Freedom Challenge, you have explored
the topic of freedom. What have you learned or
what do you retain about this project?

Deepening

Asian nationalism

• An upper class of well-educated Asians had emerged.
• They received a Western education in which they were also introduced to nationalism
  

WWII had strengthened nationalism in Asia.

The Japanese had turned the indigenous peoples against the West.
As a result, Asia decolonised rapidly after the war.

The new superpowers, the US and the Soviet Union, were opponents of colonialism and supported decolonisation.

Post WWII influence

How did the Second World War strengthen Asian nationalism? Mention three causes.

The British, too, were in favour of decolonisation after 1945.

In 1947, they handed over power in British East Indies. This led to violence between Muslims and Hindus.

The colony was split into the states of

•     India (Hindus),
•     Pakistan (Muslims) &
•     Bangladesh (Muslims).

British

decolonisation in Asia

The French did not leave Indochina (now Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) voluntarily.

After a colonial war, they allowed these colonies to become independent in 1954.

French

decolonisation in Asia

After the capitulation of Japan, the Indonesian nationalist Soekarno proclaimed the independent republic of Indonesia. The Netherlands did not accept this proclamation.

This caused the Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949) to break out. The Dutch government called the military operations in this war politionele acties ('police actions'), because they were supposed to be aimed at restoring domestic order.

Under pressure from the US and the UN, the Netherlands caved in. Queen Juliana signed the transfer of sovereignty on 27 September 1949.

Dutch decolonisation in Asia

proclamation:

announcement, declaration

politionele actie:

Dutch name for 2 military operations during the Indonesion war of independence

transfer of sovereignty:

officially giving the highest power to someone else.

Filmpje nav 75 jaar einde WOII (15 aug 2020)

08:00

What is the meaning of the word 'Bersiap' (= Malay)?

1. Freedom
2. Peace
3. Beware
4. Attack

08:25

What was the name of the Dutch army in the East Indies?

1. Koninklijk Nationaal Indisch Leger / Royal Dutch East Indies Army
2. Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger / Royal Dutch East Indies Army
3. Koninklijk Nederlands Indonesisch Leger / Royal Dutch Indonesian Army
4. Koninklijk Nationaal Indonesisch Leger / Royal National Indonesian Army

08:34

Why did the Dutch call these military actions "police actions"?

21 July 1947 - 5 Aug. 1947

• Operation Product / Agressi 1

Goal: restore authority in Indonesia

• Military success

Reactions: Criticism by the UN and others

9 Dec. 1948 - 5 Jan. 1949

• Operatie Crow / Agressi 2

Goals:

• Destruction of the Republic of Indonesia
  
• Capturing leaders
• Military success
  

Reacties

• UN demands that Republic of Indonesia  be restored.
• US threatens to cut off Marshall aid
  

UNDERTAKE POLICE ACTION

So ... and what do the gents think they are doing?

 ... are we declaring independence?

Do you think that the Netherlands should apologise in detail for the military actions between 1945 and 1950?
1 = No, 100 = definitely yes

0100

Should the Netherlands apologise for its role in Indonesia's colonial past?

0100

Extended instruction
Ask for explanation of what you don't know or understand

Bij instellingen kan je de Engelse ondertiteling automatisch vertalen in het Nederlands

Soekarno roept de onafhankelijk uit

17 August 1945

Sukarno proclaims independence

Bersiap-period

autumn 1945- spring 1946

• Authority vacuum: unclear who really had the power, so pedoemas (young Indonesians) could do as they pleased (without intervention).

• Very violent period with thousands of victims (mainly Dutch and pro-Dutch groups)

And now what...?

The English are around, but do not want a new war: the Netherlands has to solve it itself

The Netherlands does not want to acknowledge the independent Republic of Indonesia at all.

The Dutch government does not want to talk to Soekarno (traitor and rebel)

1st Police action
(July 1947 - Jan 1948)

Operation Product (Agresi 1): restoration of Dutch authority.

Deliberate choice for the name 'police' action and not for the word 'military' or 'war'.

Militarily a success, politically not: the Republic remained and there was a lot of criticism from abroadet woord 'militair', of 'oorlog'.

Militair een succes, politiek niet: Republiek bleef bestaan en er kwam veel kritiek uit het buitenland

2nd Police action
(Dec 1948 - Jan 1949)

Operation Crow (Agresi 2):
destroy Republic of Indonesia and capture leaders

The Netherlands wanted to settle quickly the unrest in the Dutch East Indies: cost too much money

Again, militarily speaking, a success (note: war crimes were committed on a large scale)

Practise answering questions completely and correctly.
Make up WB § 4.1.  Check on magister which exact assignments you have to do.

Ask questions if you do not understand something

Ready?

Make detailed notes in your notebook on the CA:

who, what, where, when, how and why.

Ask 1 question about something you have not understood so well in this lesson

What did you learn today?
Name at least 2 points.

instruction

• Characteristic aspect: nationalist movements in the colonies and the striving for independence.
• Especially the situation in the Dutch colony in Asia.
  

Extended instruction: ask questions

Practice:

Make WB assignments. § 4.1
(look in magister which ones you have to do )

Make  assignments

WB § 4.1

Make detailed notes in your notebook on the CA:
who, what, where, when, how and why.