recap lesson chapter 4: Franks and violence (age of monks and knights)

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 1

quick recap!

The Middle Ages

The Franks: Violence and religion

Age of Monks and Knights (500 - 1000)

In white you see a helmet like the knights used to wear. In the background you see elements of a christian monastery. 

Feniks, Geschiedenis Werkplaats, Memo, Saga

Age of Greek and Romans

(500 BC. - 500 AD.)

Age of Monks and Knights

(500-1000)

(Early medieval times)

Age of Cities and States

(1000-1500)

(Late Medieval times)

1492: Columbus 'discovers' America

Ending Middle Ages

⚓️

476: Fall of the Western- Roman Empire

Beginning of the Middle Ages

🔥

Unrest in Europe

500-800

• after the fall of the Western- Roman Empire --> lot of wars, no supervision on safety of civilians. -> Traveling became dangerous, trade was no longer possible => people went back to live in villages instead of cities.
  

• Franks were founded during migrations. Originally lived in Germany but were allowed into Belgium and south of the Netherlands to help protect the Limes.
  
• Clovis (481-511) belonged to Merovingian dynasty ==> conquered almost all of France including the Franks => Francia

The Carolingians

• Mayors of the Palace  (Advisors of the king) became richer and more powerful --> Pepin the short (father of Charlemagne) deposed the last Merovingian king.
• Pepin's son Charlemagne became the most powerful of all the Frankish kings.
• 25th of December, 800 AD Charlemagine became emperor of the holy roman empire. 

Running the Empire

• Charlemagne wasn't able to rule the country himself.
• Got help from Vassals: warrior / knight who has taken an oath of allegiance to a king/ lord and is maintained by him. They needed to buy their armour and weoponry/ horse themselves: expensive --> piece of land in 'fief'. Charlemagne became their liege lord the reciever of the fief was the liegeman 

• Feudal system/ Feudalism

The liegeman

The liege lord: Charlemagne

The fief was the piece of land leased to the liegeman, so they could make a living and pay for their suit of armour / horse etc.

A liege mans' four duties:

• He had to swear allegiance to the king/ liege lord; 
• He had to govern his territory and administer justice there;
• He had to pay annual taxes to the king; 
• If there was war in the kingdom, he had to fight with his own soldiers in the king's army.

The liegeman swears loyalty to Charlemagne

Wat is a good example of a feudal system?

1. The king rules the country by himself
2. The king has ministers who advise him on the governance of his country.
3. The king has no say in the governance of his country.
4. The king has divided his country into 20 pieces. Each piece is governed by a friend of his.

In this image from the thirteenth century
a feudal man pledges allegiance to Charlemagne.

Is this statement right or wrong?
Charlemagne now becomes the feudal lord of the feudal man

1. right
2. wrong

In this image from the thirteenth century
a feudal man pledges allegiance to Charlemagne.

Is this statement right or wrong?
The image is a primary source about Charlemagne.

1. right
2. wrong

In this image from the thirteenth century, a
feudal man pledges allegiance to Charlemagne.

Is this statement right or wrong?
The image is about the way Charlemagne ruled his country

1. right
2. wrong

What duty does a liegeman have?

1. He has to do what he feels like in his area.
2. He has to get up early every morning.
3. He must pledge allegiance to his liege lord.
4. He has to lend parts of his territory to sub-lenders.

The Middle Ages

Paragraph 4.2: On the domain

On the domain

• Due to unsafe situation => population returned to countryside =>vanishing of the agrarian-urban society (society where most people lived in the countryside and the rest lived in the cities) 

• Most people lived on a domain: the estate of a lord: a king/ nobleman/ bishop/ abbot. 3 main reasons:

1. Protection
2. Descendants of Roman slaves
3. In exchange for food when harvests failed

• land was worked according to the manorial system.

Within the castle walls there was most likely a smithy, barracks for the soldiers and storage for food supply

The Manor/ castle: The house where the lord lived in.

a moat to protect the castle 

The land was divided into two parts:
1. land of the lord

2. land of the serfs

serfs: peasant who is bound to the domain where he has a field.

They were people that worked the land. They had their own fields, but also needed to work on the fields of the lord. They weren't slaves, however they were bount to the land. They had to work several days a year on the lord's land and also had other duties for the lords, like maintaining buildings, gathering wood, cleaning canals etc. 

Manorial system

landowner devided up piece of land in two:

• land of the landowner
• land of the serfs

Serfs where people who were bound to the land, they were in serfdom: They worked the land of the lord a number of days a year and had other duties. -> lord had more land and people to work it.

Domains were self- sufficient/ autarky: anything the inhabitants needed was grown and produced on the domain.

What does self- sufficient mean?

1. Everything the inhabitants needed was grown and produced on the land itself.
2. Farmers needed to trade to get material they couldn't grow themselves.
3. The landowner could rule the land himself and didn't need permission of the Liege Lord
4. The king has divided his country into 20 pieces. Each piece is governed by a friend of his.

What is a serf?

1. A different word for slave
2. a farmer whom is bound to the land he has a field on
3. Someone who fought for the landowner in times of trouble
4. a different word for landowner

What wasn't a reason that farmers ended up in serfdom?

1. They were born out of families of Roman slaves whose master leased them a bit of land to work on.
2. They seeked the protection from a Lord.
3. As a way to pay of their debts.
4. In exchange for food when harvests failed in succession.

The Middle Ages

4.3 Within the abbey walls

write down this text as the title for your notes about this lesson in your notebook. Underline it, so you know it's a new lesson.

Church fathers

Fourth/ fifth century: chritianity spread troughout the Roman Empire, it was gradually established by the Church Fathers: these were people who wrote the doctrine of the christian church:

Example: Augustine: proved in his book that the christians were not to blame for the falling of Rome and that if you lived a good life you would go to heaven.

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Christianization

Christianization = the spread of Christianity

Germanic peoples converted to Christianity, they became Catholics: part of Christianity that obeys the Pope.

Kings and nobles often converted because of support of the powerful bishops + used the help of the clergy to administer the kingdom.

Clergy: priests, friars and monks

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Christianization (2)

Clovis + nobles converted to christianity -> subjects followed their example.

Missionaries like Willibrord and Boniface were sent from England to convert the Frisians and Saxons, lot of resistance -> Boniface was murdered at Dokkum for instance.

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Monks and nuns

Monks and nuns lived in an abbey or monastery:

• Devoted themselves to god
• vow of chasity and obedience
• Spend their time praying and working (also copying books)

Abbeys were also a centre of knowledge + owned vast domains

Abbot: head of a abbey.

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Hierarchy Middle ages

Society was devided into three estates (= standen) 

1. Clergy

2. Nobility

3. the rest

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Copy this piramyd about hierarchy of the middle ages in your notebook.

Kings helped protect the church, what did the clergy do in return?

Does the government nowadays still interferes with people's religious believes? what do you think? explain your answer.

Explain how the
Christian faith spread across
Europe

The Middle Ages

4.4: A new religion: Islam

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Many gods or one god? 

• By the sixth century, Arabs believed in hundreds of gods: Polytheism. 
• In the city of Mecca stood the Ka'aba: a large black stone. At this site, Arabs worshipped their gods.
• In a dream, a vision, an angel told him that there is only one god, Allah.
  
• Muhammad told the people of Mecca about his dream, but hardly anyone would listen to him.
  
• Most people did not like Mohammed and chased him and his followers out of the city

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From Mecca to Medina

622

• Mohammed flees to Medina (622) = Hijra beginning of the Islamic era.
• Many Jews and Christians lived in Medina; they too believed in one god (monotheism).
• Mohammed, who called himself prophet of Allah, gained many followers. They called themselves Muslims and their religion Islam.
• With a large group of Muslims, Muhammad went back to Mecca (630): Jihad: holy war.
  
• There was fighting and Mohammed won.
  
• Many residents of Mecca then became Muslims after all. 

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Spread of Islam from 632

• After Muhammad's death (632), his successors, caliphs, conquer large parts of the Middle East and North Africa.
• Most people in these areas became Muslim
• The Arabs also conquered much of Portugal and Spain.

• Beliefs of the book: Judaism + Christianity were respected by Muslims, not the same rights as Muslims, but not persecuted!

• Further spread Islam through trade.

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Battle of Poitiers

732

• Franks and Arabs regularly invaded each other's territories.
• 732: Battle of Poitiers. 
• Charles Martel, Charlemagne's grandfather, led the Franks. 
• The Arabs were defeated and would never come this far north again.

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Islam

• Islam means ‘submission’
• The holy book is the Koran or Qur'ān (القرآن)
• According to Muslims, the words in the Arabic language were revealed to Muhammad by Allah through the angel Djibriel.

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Make the correct combinations

Holy book of the muslims

City that Muhammad fled in the year 622

name of the god of the Muslims

City that Muhammad fled to in the year 622

People who believe the message of the prophet Muhammad

Koran

Mecca

muslims

Allah

Medina

Where did Islam orriginate

1. Arabia
2. China
3. Spain
4. Turkey

Which religion is older?

1. Christianity
2. Islam

Mohummad is...

1. The founder and most important prophet in Islam
2. founder of Islam and son of god
3. most important prophet in Islam and son of god.
4. Same as Allah

Islam knows...

1. 1 god
2. 2 gods
3. 3 gods
4. 4 gods

reliability of sources

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reliability of sources

When studying history we use sources. It's important to know if you can believe the source or not. Is it reliable?

3 questions you can ask to determine if a source is reliable:
1. Who is the maker of the source and what are his/her intentions?

2. When was the source made?

3. How did the maker obtain his information?

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1. Who is the maker of the source and what are his/her intentions?

Most important question, most difficult to answer.

Who is the maker? What position does he/ she have?

Facts/ opinions? Viewpoints? With what aim did the maker made the source?

The more factual and neutral someone is, the more reliable the source is.

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2. When was the source made?

The less time there is between the actual event and the making of the source, the more reliable the source is.

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3. How did the maker obtain his information?

Was he present? Did he get his information by hearsay (= van horen zeggen)?

The fewer stages between the writing about the event and the event itself, the more reliable a source is.

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