4.2 UN, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis

• History
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

people in this lesson

Krushchev

leader

USSR

Fidel Castro

leader

Cuba

Mao Zedong

Leader

China

Kennedy

president

USA

Important dates in this lesson:

1945:  First atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (by USA)

1945  United Nations

1949: USSR makes its own atomic bomb

          China becomes a communist state

1950-1953  Korean War

1953: Stalin dies. His successor is Nikita Khrushchev

1957: first satellite (Sputnik) sent into orbit (by USSR)

1961: first man in space: Yuri Gagarin (USSR)

          Bay of Pigs invasion

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

1969: first man on the moon: Neil Armstrong   (USA)

Un

United Nations

• Founded October 1945

• 193 countries are members

• Security Counsil, 15 members:
  

5 permanent members: (United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, China) 

10 temporary members

The permanent members have the power of VETO. 

If one member uses his veto, a ruling (resolution) is cancelled.

Powerful nuclear weapons

During the Cold War era, the USA and the Soviet Union became engaged in a nuclear arms race: each superpower tried to develop more powerful weapons than the other. Primarily they focussed on the creation of nuclear weapons. For instance, after the Soviet Union had created its first atomic bomb, the USA invented the H-bomb, a hydrogen bomb that was 450 times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the Americans in 1945. In addition, they tried to surpass each other in conventional weapons and created enormous stockpiles of tanks, guns and missiles.

How did the government say you should protect yourself in case of a nuclear attack? Watch the video in the next slide.

Missiles at a Soviet Military Parade in Moscow. These missiles had nuclear warheads and a range of 1,100 miles. Dated 1961.

At the same time, both the USA and the Soviet Union tried to achieve the lead in the so-called space race, trying to be the first into space. In 1957, the Soviet Union was the first to send a satellite into orbit; four years later, they launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin. The space race had its peak in 1969, when the USA succeeded in putting the first man, Neil Armstrong, on the moon. But for these two countries, the space race was very expensive.

Laika the dog was the first living creature into orbit, launched by the Russians in 1957 in a capsule called Sputnik 2. She was commemorated with statues and, as you can see, on stamps.

Sputnik 1 was the first satellite that was sent into orbit by the Soviet Union in 1957.

Yuri Gagarin, first man in space

"One small step for man, 

but a giant leap for mankind"

Neil Armstrong, first man on the moon.

Peaceful Coexistence?

In 1953, Stalin died: his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, wanted to change the Stalinist policy and so announced the De-Stalinisation of the Soviet Union. This involved the renaming of cities named after Stalin and the destruction of statues and monuments dedicated to Stalin and other signs of his personality cult. However, even though people did not have to fear the terror of Stalin anymore, the Soviet Union remained a dictatorship and living conditions did not improve for the people.

During a debate over a Russian resolution decrying colonialism, a representative of the government of the Philippines charged the Soviets with employing a double standard, pointing to their domination of Eastern Europe as an example of the colonialism they were criticizing in their resolution. In response, Khrushchev took off one of his shoes and began to furiously pound the table. The chaotic scene finally ended when General Assembly President Frederick Boland (Ireland) broke his gavel calling the meeting to order, but not before the image of Khrushchev as a hotheaded buffoon was indelibly etched into memory.

Soviet Communist leader Joseph Stalin lying in state in the hall of Trade Union House, Moscow. (March 12, 1953). Photo by Keystone/Getty 

In the late 1950’s, Khrushchev wanted to reduce hostility between his country and the USA and so defuse the threat of nuclear warfare. Therefore, he introduced a policy of so-called peaceful coexistence. Khrushchev suggested that despite their ideological differences, the Soviet Union and the USA could co-exist rather than fight each other. With this policy, Khrushchev tried to appease the West and show that the Soviets had given up on communist world revolution as their long-term goal. This policy of peaceful coexistence led to improved relations between the USA and the Soviet Union, but the Cuban Revolution triggered a new crisis.

In the fall of 1959, at the height of the Cold War, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev spent 12 days touring the United States at the invitation of President Eisenhower.

In the picture you can see Eisenhower holding a miniature Sputnik, a present from Krushchev. 

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Cuban Revolution

In the 1950s, president Batista ruled Cuba as a dictator and was supported by the USA. After a left-wing revolution, known as the Cuban Revolution, Batista was forced to step down. A new government was formed under Fidel Castro, one of the revolutionary leaders and influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and Lenin. So when Castro became the leader of Cuba, he gradually changed his country into a communist state: he introduced a centrally planned economy and began collectivising agricultural farmland. Cuba became the first communist country in the Americas. This worried the American government, because Cuba is located close to the USA. 

although liberated by the Soviets, the new Yugoslav peresident Tito was able to break his country free from Stalin's control in 1948.

Source A

Banknote in Cuba showing Fidel Castro and rebel soldiers entering Havana after his victory in 1959.

When Cuba signed a trade agreement with China, the American president decided to intervene and authorise a plan to overthrow Castro. Many Cubans had travelled to the USA after Castro’s takeover and the Americans trained these exiles to invade Cuba. In April 1961, over 1,400 paramilitaries landed at a beach named the Bay of Pigs, while eight USA-supplied bombers attacked Cuban airfields. However, the Cuban Army defeated the invaders within three days, so the Bay of Pigs Invasion failed. When the USA involvement in the failed invasion became known to the world, the already poor relationship between the two countries worsened.

LEOMINSTER DAILY ENTERPRISE, Massachusetts MA April 17, 1961 

Next slide: a video about the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

Watch if you are interested only.

Fearing another American invasion, Castro turned to the Soviet Union. They developed close military and intelligence ties and agreed to place nuclear missiles on the island. But the American government discovered this plan when a spy plane took photos of missile preparations in Cuba. This led to the so-called Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The USA, who feared a missile strike from Cuba, established a military blockade to prevent more SS-4 Missiles from reaching Cuba. At the same time, US President John F. Kennedy demanded that the missiles already on Cuba should be removed and the sites there dismantled. 

Watch the video clip in the next slide and listen what Kennedy said in his speech adressing the American people:

A picture, taken by an American spy plane, clearly shows rocket installations being constructed on the Island of Cuba.

This evidence led to the Cuba Crisis.

Source C

This newspaper map from the height of the Cuban Missile Crisis shows the distances from Cuba to various cities on the North American continent.

The Cuban Missile Crisis almost led to a full-scale nuclear war between the USA and the Soviet Union. However, tense negations between Khrushchev and Kennedy eventually defused the situation and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missile sites on Cuba while the US agreed not to invade Cuba again.

 A nuclear war was averted - for now: neither country wanted to risk the use of nuclear weapons against each other.

 The end of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet cargo ship ‘Anesov’, escorted by a US Navy plane and the destroyer ‘USS Barry’, as it leaves Cuba loaded with missiles. October 1962.

Because of the Cuban Missile Crisis, a direct phone connection between the White House and the Kremlin was established. When one of the two leaders picked up the so-called red phone, it would instantly connect with the other leader.

Hundred Flowers Campaign

During the Cold War, one of the greatest allies of the Soviet Union was China, a communist country under the leadership of Mao Zedong. However, this huge country would soon follow its own path.

Mao ruled China with an iron fist; citizens who opposed his leadership and decisions were sent to forced-labour camps or executed. In 1956, in a strange turn of events, Mao announced the Hundred Flowers Campaign to his people. Now they were allowed to express openly their opinion about the communist regime of China. Many citizens seized this opportunity to write about their feelings towards the communist regime and what they thought needed to change. Because of the many letters of complaint received, Mao decided to end this campaign. Citizens who had been too critical about the regime were now persecuted and imprisoned. The prosecution of these people was so intense that people believed the whole campaign was a trick by Mao to discover and arrest those who were against him and his regime.

Mao and Khrushchev, during the Russian leader’s visit to Peking in 1958.