GP Chapter 2 NEW Book

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Global perspectives year 1

Chapter 2: Analysing arguments and perspectives.

Learning objectives:

- You can deconstruct perspectives and arguments through analysis of real examples.

- You can distinguish between arguments and conclusions.

- You can assess evidence and determine whether it makes the arguments strong or weak.

argument

???

argument

one or more reasons given to persuade an audience to support or oppose an idea or viewpoint, and lead to a conclusion.

Provide an example of an 'argument'

conclusion

???

conclusion

a judgement reached by reasoning, based on preceding argument and evidence.

Provide an example of an 'conclusion'

Claim or reason?

Claim or reason?

debatable statement

Claim or reason?

debatable statement

explanation

Claim or reason?

"Donald J. Trump is a very good president."

explanation

debatable statement

Claim or reason?

"Donald J. Trump is a very good president."

explanation

debatable statement

Claim or reason?

"Donald J. Trump is a very good president."

explanation

debatable statement

Could you come up with a reason for this claim?

Global Perspectives

Activity 1: Finding arguments to support a conclusion

Global Perspectives

Activity 1: Finding arguments to support a conclusion

Mini example:

CLAIM: Smoking is bad.

REASONS: 1. Health problems

2. Money

3. etc.

CONCLUSION: Smoking should be banned

Global Perspectives

How to assess the strength of an argument

ETHOS PATHOS LOGOS

by Aristotle

ETHOS

ETHOS

WHO is making the argument?

ETHOS

WHO is making the argument?

bias

ETHOS

WHO is making the argument?

bias

vested interest

Can you think of an example of a person having a vested interest in a specific matter?

PATHOS

PATHOS

HOW is this person conveying their message?

PATHOS

HOW is this person conveying their message?

rhetoric

PATHOS

HOW is this person conveying their message?

rhetoric

Think back on rhetorical techniques discussed in junior school! 

Rhetorical
Techniques

LOGOS

LOGOS

WHAT arguments / data / evidence do they use?

LOGOS

WHAT arguments / data / evidence do they use?

inferential gap

Inferential gap:

Many old people catch colds easily.

Inferential gap:

Many old people catch colds easily.

claim

Inferential gap:

Many old people catch colds easily.

So, we need to keep them away from small children.

claim

conclusion

Inferential gap:

Many old people catch colds easily.

So, we need to keep them away from small children.

claim

conclusion

LOGOS

WHAT arguments / data / evidence do they use?

generalisation

inferential gap

LOGOS

WHAT arguments / data / evidence do they use?

generalisation

inferential gap

causation

LOGOS

WHAT arguments / data / evidence do they use?

generalisation

inferential gap

causation

correlation

Causation or Correlation?

Causation or Correlation?

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Although there is a correlation between a good diet and physical well-being. However, not needing to see a doctor is not caused by eating an apple a day.

Causation or Correlation?

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

YES

Although there is a correlation between a good diet and physical well-being. However, not needing to see a doctor is not caused by eating an apple a day.

Causation or Correlation?

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

NO

Although there is a correlation between a good diet and physical well-being. However, not needing to see a doctor is not caused by eating an apple a day.

Global Perspectives

Make a glossary for yourself:

Global Perspectives

Make a glossary for yourself:

- inferential gap

- generalisation

- causation

- correlation

(TIP: include short examples if you can think of them)

Global Perspectives

Activity 2: Strenghts and weaknesses in arguments

Global Perspectives

2.2. Perspectives

1. Read 'How is a perspective contstructed?'

2. Study the table on p. 31

3. Read the text on p. 32

4. Do activity 2 on p. 33

5. Do activity 4 on p. 35