TEST DISCUSSION - VWO

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

TEST DISCUSSION : VWO

CHAPTER 10 & 1 1 - TEST

LESSONS 1-10

TOTAL: 43 POINTS

SECTION 1:  PATHOGENS

SECTION 1: PATHOGENS

Which characteristic makes bacteria suitable for scientific research of disease?

A. they grow fast and exponentially

B. they are multicellular

C. they keep virus populations under control

D. they do not have a nucleus

SECTION 1: PATHOGENS

Which best describes how athlete’s foot is spread to other individuals?

A.eating food contaminated with fungus

B. inhaling fungal spores in the air

C. having contact with fungus on a shower floor

D. swimming in a lake that has a large amount of algae

SECTION 1: PATHOGENS

image A      -     fungus

image B      -     virus

Image C      -     bacterium

Image D      -     parasite

EXTRA         -      worms

IMAGE

SECTION 2: PROTECTION & PREVENTION

In the image beside you can see examples of PPE. What does PPE stand for?

Personal Protective Equipment

SECTION 2: PROTECTION & PREVENTION

SECTION 2: PROTECTION & PREVENTION

How are quarantines used to slow the spread of an epidemic?

A. Quarantines prevent individuals from eating food that is potentially contaminated.

B. Quarantines allow enough time for antibiotics to take effect in infected individuals.

C. Quarantines keep people inside their homes so that family members can provide care for each other.

D. Quarantines keep infected individuals separate so they cannot pass the disease to others.

SECTION 2: PROTECTION & PREVENTION

Which best compares an epidemic and a pandemic?

A. An epidemic is caused by bacteria, while a pandemic is caused by viruses.

B. A pandemic occurs in a small region, while an epidemic occurs in a much larger region.

C. A pandemic is spread by humans, while an epidemic is spread by insects and rodents.

D. An epidemic affects a small population of humans, while a pandemic affects a large population of humans.

SECTION 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY

Cowpox is similar to, but much milder than, the highly contagious and often deadly smallpox disease. Its close resemblance to the mild form of smallpox and the observation that dairy farmers were immune to smallpox inspired the English physician Edward Jenner. What type of immunity do the dairy farmers have to smallpox. 

A. Artificial Active Immunity

B. Artificial Passive Immunity

C. Natural Active Immunity

D. Natural Passive Immunity

SECTION 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY

When a young animal is born it is imperitive that they drink colostrum from their mothers within the first 24 hours. Colostrum is the special milk that the mothers produce which is made especially for the young for their first feeding.

A. Artificial Active Immunity

B. Artificial Passive Immunity

C. Natural Active Immunity

D. Natural Passive Immunity

SECTION 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY

For more than 100 years, the mainstay of primary treatment for snakebite has been the administration of antivenoms. Antivenoms work by boosting our immune response after a snakebite. They are made by immunizing donor animals such as horses or sheep with snake venoms. These animals have robust immune systems, and produce powerful antibodies that can bind to snake venom components, enabling our own immune defences to eliminate these toxins. Antivenoms are obtained by harvesting and then purifying the antibodies from plasma produced by the donor animal. Good-quality antivenoms can literally make a difference between life and death.

B. Artificial Passive Immunity

SECTION 3: TYPES OF IMMUNITY

The hepatitis A and B vaccine is used to help prevent these diseases in adults. The vaccine works by exposing you to a small dose of the virus, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease. This vaccine will not treat an active infection that has already developed in the body.

A. Artificial Active Immunity

B. Artificial Passive Immunity

C. Natural Active Immunity

D. Natural Passive Immunity

SECTION 4: OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Based on what you have learned this chapter and looking at the table, which bloodgroup would you advise as universal blood donor and which bloodgroup would you advise as universal plasma donor. Make sure you explain both answers using the correct biological terms.

1 pnt - O is a universal blood donor.

1 pnt - it does not have any antigens so it will not trigger an immune responses in the recipient. (bloodclots)

1 pnt - AB is a universal plasma donor.

1 pnt - the plasma does not contain any antobodies that could possibly cause an immune response in the recipient.  (bloodclots)

SECTION 4: OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Select the two statements that describe what the immune system does.

A. The immune system is responsible for breaking down food in the body.

B. The immune system produces antibodies which fight infections that enter the body.

C. The body’s immune system is responsible for fighting disease.

D. The immune system is made up of the heart, the arteries, and the veins.

SECTION 4: OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative (gradually gets worse, sometimes even till the person dies) autoimmune disease that affects mainly your nervous system. Using the correct biological terms and what you have learned this chapter, explain in several steps what you think happens in a person's body with this disease.

1 pnt - the t-helper cells identifies the antigens on nerve cells as the enemy.

1 pnt - this activattes the B-cells, which activate the plasma cells.

1 pnt - the plasma cells start producing antibodies 

1 pnt - the antibodies bind to the antigens on the nerve cells and permanently damage these nerve cells.

SECTION 4: OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Daniel has been infected with the Covid-19 virus early during the pandemic. At that time the beta variant was the most prominent virus present in the Rotterdam area. During his infection, Daniels body produced antibodies against the virus. 

Explain against which part of the virus Daniel's body produced antibodies?

1  pnt - spike protein

SECTION 4: OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Explain why Daniel might still get really ill when he gets infected with the omicron variant although his body already produces antibodies against the Covid-19 virus?

- The spike protein of the omicron variant is much different compared to the beta variant. (1p)

- Therefor, Daniels antibodies might not recognize the spike protein of the omicron variant (1p)

SECTION 5: ALCOHOL

In most countries across the world you may not drive after drinking a certain amount of alcohol. Using what you know and the correct biological terms, please explain whydriving after drinking alcohol could be dangerous.

1 pnt- alcohol is a depressant, this relaxes you

1 pnt - this slows down your reaction time 

1 pnt - too much alcohol removes inhibitions which means you cannot make safe choices in traffic.

SECTION 5: ALCOHOL

Choose one of the headers in the text and give several biological reasons for why that one header is true.

3 PNT- student's own answer

TEXT

<span style="font-weight: bold">Causes many deaths</span><div><br></div><div>Alcohol is a significant factor in the deaths of people younger than age 21 in the United States each year. This includes deaths from motor vehicle crashes, homicides, alcohol overdoses, falls, burns, drowning, and suicides.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold">Causes many injuries</span></div><div><br></div><div>Drinking alcohol can cause youth to have accidents and get hurt. In 2011 alone, about 188,000 people younger than age 21 visited an emergency room for alcohol-related injuries.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold">Impairs judgment</span></div><div><br></div><div>Drinking can lead to poor decisions about taking risks, including unsafe sexual behavior, drinking and driving, and aggressive or violent behavior.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold">Increases the risk of physical and sexual assault</span></div><div><br></div><div>Underage binge drinking is associated with an increased likelihood of being the victim or perpetrator of interpersonal violence.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold">Can lead to other problems</span></div><div><br></div><div>Drinking may cause youth to have trouble in school or with the law. Drinking alcohol also is associated with the use of other substances.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold">Increases the risk of alcohol problems later in life</span></div><div><br></div><div>Research shows that people who start drinking before the age of 15 are at a higher risk for developing alcohol use disorder later in life. For example, adults ages 26 and older who began drinking before age 15 are 5.6 times more likely to report having alcohol use disorder in the past year as those who waited until age 21 or later to begin drinking.</div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold">Interferes with brain development</span></div><div><br></div><div>Research shows that young people’s brains keep developing well into their 20s. Alcohol can alter this development, potentially affecting both brain structure and function. This may cause cognitive or learning problems and/or increase vulnerability for alcohol use disorder, especially when people start drinking at a young age and drink heavily.</div>

SECTION 5: ALCOHOL

When you put the data on alcohol, tobacco and marijunana use of adolescents in the Netherlands in a graph, it will look similar to that of the graph shown in figure 1. Explain why this the case.

1 pnt - you may not buy any of these items under the age of 18.

1 pnt - out of the three items, alcohol is most lickeley the easiest one the get your hands on.

WHAT NOW?

- WRITE DOWN WHAT POINTS YOU HAVE MISSED.

- WHAT CATEGORY IS THIS IN?

- WHAT DO YOU NEED TO DO TO IMPROVE THIS?