Grammar CAE Period 4

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Grammar

Units

10-18

Overview Grammar units 10-18

• Unit 10: participle clauses
• Unit 11:  reported speech
• Unit 12: Gerund
• Unit 13: Past tenses and the present perfect
• Unit 14: The passive
• Unit 15: The Infinitive
• Unit 16: Hypothesising
• Unit 17: Articles
• Unit 18: Emphasis

Unit 10: participle clauses

• Present active:     Feeling extremely happy, she spontaneously gave him a hug.
• Present passive:   That big dog, being trimmed at the moment, is called Boris.
• Past:                         Sue, fully informed about the situation, walked towards the stage.
• Perfect active:      Having finished dressing, he walked downstairs.
• Perfect passive:    Having been taught a valuable lesson, she changed her ways.

Unit 11: Reported Speech

"I want to go out tomorrow"   >>   She said that she wanted to go out the 

                                                                     next day.

"I've never seen this before" >>    He said that he had never seen that before.

"The sun comes up in the east"  >> He said the sun comes up in the east.

Remember the 'backshift'?

General truth or unchanged situation!!

Check out the Reporting Verbs!

Unit 12: -ing  

(Gerund)

Unit 13: 

Past tenses + Present perfect

Unit 14: The passive

They admire her for her courage.  >  She is admired for her courage.                  present simple

They are keeping him in a coma.  >  He is being kept in a coma.                             present continuous

Someone graffitied this wall   >  This wall was graffitied by someone.                past simple

They were walking the dog then >  The dog was being walked then.                   past continuous

They have never seen him like that >  He has never been seen like that.           present perfect

You can spot lions in Africa  >  Lions can be spotted in Africa.                                modal verbs

They could have warned her.  >  She could have been warned.                              past modal verbs

All tenses and verb forms:

Men denkt/overweegt/beweert  >> It is thought/considered/claimed

Unit 15: The infinitive

Unit 16: hypothesising

Formal writing/speech                                    Informal writing/speech

Allowing for the fact that ...                           If....(past simple)...

Given that ...                                                          I wonder if ....

Were we to ....    (Inversion)                             Suppose .....

Had we .....   (Inversion)                                    What if .......

If we were to ....                                                    Just imagine  ........

                                                                                    If only

Let me describe a hypothetical case ....

Let us imagine/ consider/ assume/ suppose ..    

Unit 17: articles

Study and learn the use of 

articles in English

(pages 172/172)

Unit 18: Emphasis

• Cleft sentences

                   Susan likes eating out.

                                        What Susan likes is eating out.

                                        It is eating out what Susan likes.

                                        Eating out is what Susan likes

• Auxiliary verbs             Stressed and adding do/did
• Other ways                     page 173