Genetica

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
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• Leerjaar 3

Agriculture & Genetics

Selective breeding

Artificial selection

-> improves characteristics in 

plants and animals, usually for 

human benefit

-> humans determine passed 

on alleles to next generation

Gregor Mendel

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk and scientist known as the father of modern genetics. He conducted numerous experiments on pea plants to understand the principles of inheritance.

Provide background information on Gregor Mendel and his work with pea plants.

Genetica

Where can we find DNA? 

Chromsomes (46 in body cells, 23 in reproduction cells) 

DNA

Genes 

Homologous pair of chromosomes

Homologous pair of chromosomes

Terms in genetic crosses

• P = Parental = the parents
• F1 = first new generation of offspring = the children
• F2 = 2nd generation = the grandchildren

Dominant and Recessive Genes

Genes come in different forms called alleles. Dominant alleles are always expressed in an organism, while recessive alleles are only expressed when paired with another recessive allele.

Explain the difference between dominant and recessive alleles and how they affect inheritance.

Punnett Square

A Punnett square is a tool used to predict the probability of certain traits appearing in offspring based on the alleles of the parents.

Introduce the concept of Punnett squares and provide an example.

Homozygous and Heterozygous

An individual with two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous for that gene, while an individual with two different alleles for a gene is said to be heterozygous for that gene.

Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous and how they affect inheritance.

Genotype and Phenotype

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the physical appearance of an organism.

Define genotype and phenotype and provide examples.

Mendelian Inheritance

Mendelian inheritance refers to the principles of inheritance that were first described by Gregor Mendel, including the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, and the use of Punnett squares to predict inheritance patterns.

Summarize the principles of Mendelian inheritance.

Steps with Punnet Squares

1. Identify your alleles.
2. Identify genotype parent 1. Show possible gametes.
3. Identify genotype parent 2. Show possible gametes.
4. Fill in your punnet squares.
5. Write down ratios of the possible genotypes.
6. Write down ratios of the possible phenotypes.

Drag the picture to the correct word

Phenotype

Nucleus

Chromosome

DNA

What is an allele?

1. A variation on DNA
2. A variation on a gene
3. A variation on phenotype
4. A variation on a chromosome

How do we indicate a dominant allele?

1. With a capital letter (such as T)
2. With a lowercase letter (such as t)

What is a phenotype?

1. The physical characteristics of an organism
2. The behavior of an organism
3. The environment in which an organism lives
4. The genetic makeup of an organism

A Phenotype is caused by...

1. Genetics
2. Environment
3. Genetics and environment
4. Environment and characteristics

A Genotype is caused by...

1. Genetics
2. Environment
3. Genetics and environment
4. Environment and characteristics

What is the name of the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring?

1. Digestion
2. Photosynthesis
3. Adaptation
4. Inheritance