Recap respiration and combustion

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Welcome!

• Recap all theory 
• How to learn for the test
• Diagnostic test

HELP What do I need to learn?

You can find this on SOM

Online book, summarize, glossary and diagnostic test

Short summary of the theory

Options:

1. You will follow the theory

2. You make your own summary

3. You are going to make the diagnostic test of the online book

(it's called to finish)

Photosynthesis

• Process of producing glucose by chloroplasts in the cell of plants and some bacteria
• Only happens during the day
• Leads to an increase of oxygen levels 

Metabolism 

• Conversion of substances in a cell into other substances 
• Glucose is formed during photosynthesis
•  During metabolism glucose is converted into different products 

Combustion (= verbranding)

Specific form of combustion in our cells = cellular respiration / body respiration

Cellular respiration / body respiration: Glucose is broken down to energy and water

Body respiration

• Breakdown of glucose in the mitochondria of the cell.
• All cells and all organisms do body respiration all the time
• Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released 

Cellular respiration / body respiration

Glucose + oxygen -> water + carbondioxide + energy

Importance of breathing

• We need to breath so we get oxygen to use for body respiration
• Without oxygen -> no energy -> death
• Inhaled air contains:
  - more oxygen used to create energy.
  - less carbon dioxide than exhaled air.
• Exhaled air contains:
  - more carbon dioxide produced as a waste product of energy production.
  - less oxygen as it has been used in respiration. 

Respiratory system

• You need to recognize these structures also in animals  
• from nasal cavity -> alveoli it becomes smaller and smaller

Nasal cavity airwash

• Nose breathing is superior: Air is warmed up, filtered, humidified + you can smell
• Cilia can move mucus. The cilia is also present in windpipe
• We swallow mucous all day long

Windpipe

• Stays open because of the horse shaped cartilage rings 
• Is always connected to the lungs 

Gas exhange 

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide both involved in body respiration  

Alveoli

• Lungs aren't hollow but filled with millions of alveoli. This creates a great surface area to increase the amount of gas exchange
•  Both the alveoli as the bloodvessel around is very thin, this makes gas exchange easier

Swallowing 

Breathing for starters:

• Inhale: flow of air fill the lungs -> chest cavity needs to expand
• Exhale: flow of air leaves the lungs -> chest cavity needs to shrink

Abdominal breathing 

• Inhalation: diaphragm moves downward + belly moves out -> chest cavity increases-> lungs fill with air.
• Exhalation: diaphragm moves upward -> chest cavity decreases -> air is pushed out of the lungs

Chest breathing

• Inhalation: Intercostal muscles tenses -> breastbone moves upward -> chest cavity increases -> lungs fill with air
• Exhalation: Intercostal muscles relax -> breastbone moves downward -> air is pushed out the lungs 

Warm-blooded animals

• Constant body temperature 
• Body respiration maintains temperature

• Lower temperature -> more respiration
• Insulation

Avg. body temperature mammals ±36-38ºC

Avg. body temperature birds ±41 ºC

Cold blooded 

• Body respiration rate depends on outside temperature
• Cold? -> low body respiration -> not active
• The body temperature is the same as the temperature of their surroundings 
• Hibernation 

Overview of the theory?

• List of learning goals are on SOM 
• Only a summarize is not enough
• Practice with questions -> look back to your homework
•  Diagnostic test = to finish = Q1-Q6 + Q12

How to answer biology questions?

• Multiple choice questions: only one question is correct. 
• Open questions: (als .. dan) : If ... then 
• Give your explanation if asked: .... is correct because... 
• check if your answer is complete.