Grammar Unit 3 - H4 & V4

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• Leerjaar 4

Grammar Unit 3 - H4/V4

• The Gerund (H4/V4)
• The Present Perfect Continuous (H4/V4)
• The Present Continuous/The Past Continuous/The Past Perfect Continuous/The Future Continuous (H4)
• Direct vs Indirect/Reported Speech (H4/V4)
• The Future tenses (will; going to; present simple; present continuous) (H4)
• Past Simple vs Present Perfect (H4/V4)
• The Passive Voice (V4 = bonus op toets; H4= herkennen juiste vorm op toets)

The Gerund

Verb + ing 

Use:

1. As (part of) subject (=onderwerp) (Swimming early in the morning is great!)
2. As object (=lijdend voorwerp) (She likes going out in the weekends.)
3. With certain verbs (study grammar booklet/Of Course Unit 3) 
4. With certain expressions (study grammar booklet/Of Course Unit 3)
5. With certain prepositions (voorzetsels) (study grammar booklet/Of Course Unit 3)

Note the difference: I stopped smoking vs I stopped to smoke; I remember going on holidays to France vs Remember to take out the trash.

Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

Has/Have + been + verb + ing

• Om de (lange) tijdsduur te benadrukken (I have been working all night)
• Om irritatie aan te geven (He has been nagging me non-stop.)
• Om aan te geven dat iets net is afgelopen (Her eyes are completely wet: she has been crying for hours)

Gebruik je net als de Present Perfect, maar met nadruk op lange tijdsduur

Direct Speech

"It is a very moving speech"

"I think it has nothing to do with peace"

"Can you help me tomorrow?"

"I have never smoked in my life!"

"I saw Tim yesterday".

"I can help you"

Indirect speech

He said it was a very moving speech.

She said she thought it had nothing to do with peace.

He asked if she could help him tomorrow.

She said she had never smoked in her life.

She said she had seen Tim the day before.

She SAYS she CAN help you (says = present simple -> hier GEEN BACKSHIFT)

Indirect Speech - backshift

The Continuous tenses

Lesson 3.3 - ex. 13 (H4)

 am/is/are + verb + ing 

was/were + verb + ing

 has/have + been + verb + ing 

had been + verb + ing

will be + verb + ing

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Future Continuous

Present Continuous  - am/is/are + verb + ing

1) action going on right now; 

2) can signal irritation; 

3) appointment in your agenda

1 ) Look at her! She is dancing on her bare feet!

2) Why are you always picking fights!

3) We are meeting our friends at the pub this evening.

Past Continuous  - was/were + verb + ing

1) longer action interrupted by shorter one = past simple 

2) Two longer actions going on simultaneously 

1) I was/you were doing homework when you called.

2) I was listening to the news while you were sleeping.

Present Perfect Continuous

has/have been + verb + ing

1) To emphasize duration (i.e. all day long, all night, for hours etc.)

2) Started in the past and is still going on 

3) Started in the past and has just finished/you can see the result

4) Can signal irritation

1) We have been working for hours to get this finished

2) She has been crying all day since he broke up with her at breakfast.

3) You have been running really hard out there for you are all sweaty.

4) You have been going on about this for ages: let it go now.

Past Perfect Continuous 

had been + verb + ing

1) To emphasize a longer action in the earlier past 

1) Before you called, I had been working very hard on my final. project.

Future Continuous

will be + verb + ing

1) Signals a longer action in the future/emphasizes duration in the future

1) Kevin Hart is performing tonight: I'm sure we will be laughing our heads off all evening!

Simple past vs Present Perfect

PAST

Did + hele ww.

Didn't + hele ww

PRESENT PERFECT

Have/has + 3rd form

Haven't/hasn't + 3rd form

Will 

Gebruikt voor:

1. Feiten in de toekomst
2. Spontane beslissingen/aanbieding hulp etc. aan iemand (op het moment van spreken bedacht)
3. Meningen/persoonlijke opvattingen (vaak met think, promise, believe etc.)
4. Voorspellingen die niet gebaseerd zijn op bewijs (I think Ajax will win the World Championship.)
5. Verzoeken (Will you help me with that?)
6. Suggesties (Shall we go to the movies? -> shall voor I/we)

Will (addition)

For questions with I/we -> Shall I/shall we....(go to the cinema?)

Future facts

Weather forecasts

Going to 

Gebruikt voor:

• Plannen voor de toekomst (je bent van plan om iets te doen)
• Voorspellingen op basis van bewijs (Look at him standing at the edge of the cliff! He is going to fall over!)

Present Simple (Future)

Gebruikt voor:

Schema's

Roosters

Openings-/Sluitingstijden

Vertrek-/Aankomsttijden

School starts at 9 am tomorrow.

Present Continuous

Gebruikt voor:

• Dingen dit op dit moment gebeuren
• Irritatie
• Voorspellingen gebaseerd op bewijs
• Afspraken die in je agenda kunnen staan (je weet zeker dat je dit gaat doen)

Passive Voice (lijdende vorm)

vorm van "to be" + 3e vorm werkwoord (A He bought her flowers -> P 1) Flowers were bought for her 2) She was bought flowers)

Focus op resultaat/wat er gedaan wordt/werd/zal gebeuren ipv wie het doet/deed/zal doen

(Bijv. "De dieven zijn gevangen" -> het resultaat is belangrijker dan wie ze gevangen heeft)

Het lijdend voorwerp (direct object) of het meewerkend voorwerp(indirect object) wordt onderwerp. 

Woordvolgorde Active Voice (bedrijvende zin) = subject/verb/object; 

Woordvolgorde Passieve Voice(lijdende zin) = object (lv of mvw) /verb/subject.

De vorm van "to be" heeft dezelfde tijd (tense) als het ww (persoonsvorm) in de Active Voice (bedrijvende vorm)

De vorm van "to be" zich aan, aan het nieuwe onderwerp (enkelvoud of meervoud)

Je voegt de 3e vorm van het ww in de actieve zin (persoonsvorm) toe aan de juiste vorm van "to be"

Stappenplan Active->Passive

1) Read the original sentence: who does what (= subject verb object -> John reads books).

2) What tense is it in? (reads = present simple)

3) Now turn this into a passive sentence: what is done by whom (= object verb subject -> The books are read by John)

4) Make sure you keep the form of TO BE in the same tense as the tense of the verb (pv/finite form) in the original active sentence (reads = present simple -> so the form of "to be" needs to be "am, is or are"

5) Check if the object is singular or plural and use the correct tense of to be & the correct form (books = plural; the tense is present simple; the form of "to be" in the present simple and in the plural form = are)

Passive Voice voorbeeld

vorm van "to be" + 3e vorm werkwoord

Voorbeeld Present Simple:

Active Voice = He always opens the door.

(he = ondwerp; the door is lijdend voorwerp; opens = present simple)

Passive Voice = The door is always opened by him.

(The door = onderwerp nu; is = de present simple van "to be"; 3e vorm ww = openend; by him = wie het doet/kan je ook weglaten)

Passive Voice voorbeeld

vorm van "to be" + 3e vorm werkwoord

Voorbeeld Past Simple:

Active Voice = He caught a fish yesterday.

(he = ondwerp; the door is lijdend voorwerp; caught = past simple)

Passive Voice = A fish was caught by him yesterday.

(A fish= onderwerp nu; was= de past simple van "to be"; 3e vorm ww = caught; by him = wie het doet/kan je ook weglaten)

Passive Voice voorbeeld

vorm van "to be" + 3e vorm werkwoord

Voorbeeld Past Continuous:

Active Voice =  He was doing the dishes yesterday.

(he = onderwerp; the dishes is lijdend voorwerp; was doing = past continuous)

Passive Voice = The dishes were being done by him yesterday

(The dishes= onderwerp nu; were being= de passive voice van "to be" in de past continuous; 3e vorm ww = done; by him = wie het doet/kan je ook weglaten)

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