repetition Chapter 2: The Revolt

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repetition Chapter 2: The Revolt

How did criticism of the Roman-Catholic Church lead to the Reformation and ultimately to a split within the Christian Church?

• After Middle Ages -> many abuses within Catholic church (Clergy was hungry for power/ lower clergyman had multiple incomes/  priests had wives and children/ selling of indulgences) --> Marten Luther struggled with question about how people could attain salvation + criticized the way money was earned within the church => 95 Theses/ statements. Church needed to go back to the way it was -> reform.
• Emperor Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. A German elector stepped in and gave Luther his protection.
• Catholic monarchs & Charles V vs. Protestant rulers -> 1555: Treaty of Ausburg: Each elector had the right to choose the religion of his province. The Reformation sparked off and led to the foundation of the Protestant church: centered on bible.

Calvinism: Protestant faith that believes in predestination + not the need to always obey ruler.

How did criticism of the Roman-Catholic Church lead to the Reformation and ultimately to a split within the Christian Church?

     What caused all the unrest across the Low Countries?

• 1515: Charles V inherits power as ruler of Low Countries: collection of 17 provinces with their own laws and customs.
• When Charles was away he was represented by a Governer and had a deputy in each province: a Stadtholder. 
• Charles V ruled the low countries from Brussels, governing from a single place = Centralization. When Charles needed money he called all the provincial representatives in meetings of the States- General. There was also a court of law in Mechelen.
  
• Charles appointed learned burgeoisie judges and officials, this affected the positions, prestige and income of higher nobles.
  

• This centralization went against ancient customs and privileges. Provinces preferred to be as independant and preserve ancient privileges as much as possible = particularism.
  

• Charles V wanted his subject to remain Catholic -> he issued placards against the protestant heretics. -> City governments didn't always enforce the placards, because centralized legislation was not in their interest.
• 1555: Charles V stepped down, his son Philip II became king of Spain/ ruler of the Low Countries. ->1559: appointed Margaret of Parma as governer of Low Countries.
• Phillip II ordered the enforcement of the Blood Placard, therefor he was not popular among moderate catholics because of inquisition.
• Already dissatisfied lower nobility took action -> 1566: Petition of Nobles: They asked Margaret to petition her brother the king to repeal the placards against heretics. This resulted in Hedge Services and later the Iconnoclasm

What caused all the unrest across the Low Countries?

How did the unrest in the low countries lead to the revolt?

• Up until 1566 protestants met in secret, After petition of nobles -> Hedge services: Calvinist preachers called on their followers to seize Catholic churches filled with false idols .
• Summer 1566: Iconoclasm broke out and spread through the Low Countries.

• Phillip II sent the Duke of Alba to the Low Countries to replace Margareth of Parma as governor. -> Alba instated the Council of Troubles: Law court against the persons responsible for the Iconoclasm. ->Alba was hated because of his harsh politics.

• After William of Orange 's flight to Dillenburg, the council of troubles seized his assets  - William of Orange borrowed money from protestant German rulers to hire mercenaries.

• In 1568 and 1572 he led attacks which failed. Sea Beggars who captured Brielle on April 1st After this the provinces of Zeeland and Holland sided with William of Orange.
• Alba introduced The tenth penny -> failed due to too much resistance. His taxation spurred towns to join in with the Revolt!
• Alba responded with an iron fist, sacking cities such as Zutphen and Naarden -> Increased hatred towards the Spanish -> growing sence of unity among the provinces. => Growing resistance against the Spanish.

How did the unrest in the low countries lead to the revolt?

What caused the final break between Philip II and William of Orange?

• 1573: Alba returned home, replaced as governor -> 1576:replacement of Alba died whilst Spain was bankrupted -> Mutiny amongst Spanish soldiers => The Spanish Fury

• After the Spanish Fury -> States General -> Peace treaty with Holland and Zeeland = Pacification of Ghent. Religion continued to be a problem -> Provinces agreed to not persecute eachother. Zeeland and Holland would remain Calvinist.

• Rift between Catholic and Protestants continued to grow. In some cities the Protestants took control by using of force. => 1579: Resulted in Union of Arras (cahtolic southern provinces) + Union of Utrecht (provinces who supported the Revolt).

What caused the final break between Philip II and William of Orange?

• Distrust between William and Phillip grew after Phillip left for Spain.
  
• William alongside other high- ranking nobles took a stand against Philip's policies.: Nobility should have more to say in government. + Treatments of protestants.

• After his lands were seized he became leader of the revolt.

• 1580: Declared as an outlaw by Phillip II. => William wrote an 'appology' about why he took up arms against the king.

What caused the final break between Philip II and William of Orange?

How did the Revolt lay the foundations for the Dutch state?

• Meanwhile: Treasury of Spain was replenished ->succesfull counterattack was launched by new governer: Son of Margaret, the duke of Parma!
  
• 1578: Series of attacks on cities by Duke of Parma -> Rebellious provinces where no match -> best hope: France!
  
• 1581: States- General offered rule over Low Coutries to the Duke of Anjou and renounced Phillip II as their ruler! -> failed.
  
• 1588: search for a new ruler was given up. 
• 1588: Seven provinces of Union of Utrecht established themselves as The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It had no head of state.

• 1588: Spanish Armada was hit by a storm, Phillip II lost men + money. This enabled Stadtholder Maurice to regain control over lost terrain.
• 1598: Phillip died, leaving an empty Spanish treasury
  
• 1609 - 1621: Twelve Years' Truce
• Stadtholder Frederick Henry recaptured territory in North- Brabant + Antwerp: Generality Lands (= areas that remained Catholic after being conquered by the Republic, governed by States- General).
  

• 1648: Treaty of Munster: Spain agreed to recognize the Republic as an independant state.

How did the Revolt lay the foundations for the Dutch state?