the Middle English Period

• Engels
• Middelbare school

the Middle English Period  1066-1500

history

• King Edward
• Harold Godwinson
• William, Duke of Normandy
• Battle of Hastings

feudal system

the Domesday Book

• record of everything everyone owned
• rights and duties of every landowner
• rights and duties of every court

important historical record

language

• French;  language of Royal court
• French:  language of ruling classes (nobility)
• French:  language of business
• English:  language of commoners
• Latin: language of the clergy
• 14th century: English became the dominant language again! This language is called Middle English
• Much influence of French on this language ( many French words)

crusades

• Memento Mori ( remeber that you will die)
• importance of religion in the Middle Ages
• to recover the Holy Land and to defend Christianity

Magna Charta

• 1215 King John (Plantagenets) forced by his barons to sign the Magna Charta
• first English Law Book
• limit to  the king's authority

the hundred years' war 1337-1453

• the English claimed the French throne, leading to hostilities
• after the war both the houses of Lancaster and York claimed the throne, leading to the Wars of the Roses ( 1445-1487)
• The Tudors came to the throne

literature

• popular genres were: fables, ballads and romances
• courtly love

Fable

Fable is a literary device that can be defined as a concise and brief story intended to provide a morallesson  at the end. In literature, it is described as a didactic lesson given through some sort of animal story. In prose and verse, a fable is described through plants, animals, forces, of nature, and inanimate objects by giving them human attributes wherein they demonstrate a moral lesson at the end.

Features of a Fable

• A fable is intended to provide a moral story.
• Fables often use animals as the main characters. They are presented with anthropomorphic characteristics, such as the ability to speak and to reason.
• Fables personify the animal characters.

the fox Reynard

• Beatri'x Potter's Mr Tod and Roals Dahl's Fantastic Mr Fox were based on Reynard.
• first version in Middle Dutch in 13th century: Reynard

the Ballad

The word ballad is of French provenance. It is a type of poetry or verse which was basically used in dance songs in ancient France. Later on, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, it spread over the majority of European nations. Owing to its popularity and emotional appeal, it remained a powerful tool for poets and lyricists to prepare music in the form of lyrical ballads, and earn a handsome income from it.

the ballad

Ballads, no matter which category they fall into, mostly rely on simple and easy-to-understand language, or dialect from its origin. Stories about hardships, tragedies, love, and romance are standard ingredients of the ballad. This is irrespective of geographical origins.

Another conspicuous element of any ballad is the recurrence of certain lines at regular intervals. Ballads can also be in interrogative form, with appropriate answers to every question asked. Ballads seldom offer a direct message about a certain event, character, or situation. It is left to the audience to deduce the moral of the story from the whole narration.

romance

Etymologically, romance comes from Anglo-Norman and Old French romanz, which means a story of chivalry and love. The word “romance” also refers to romantic love. As far as literature in concerned, the term has an entirely a different concept. It means romantic stories with chivalrous feats of heroes and knights. Romance describes chivalry and courtly love, comprising stories and legends of duty, courage, boldness, battles, and rescues of damsels in distress.

courtly love

Medieval literature includes several examples of courtly love. Sir Lancelot expresses this kind of love for Lady Guinevere in Arthurian legend, though he breaks the rules and takes Guinevere for his own.

 In Geoffrey Chaucer's The Knight's Tale, this type of love is depicted.

Many poets also dedicated their writing to noble ladies in acts of courtly love, such as Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, which he dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I. The poem depicts the Redcrosse knight's courtly love for the Lady Una. He protects her and professes to love her, while always behaving with the most chivalrous propriety.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

• knight of the Round Table (king Arthur)

Geoffrey Chaucer

• 1340-1400
• The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales

• link-in-frame story
• Thomas Becket's tomb in Canterbury Cathedral
• unfinished
• General Prologue

the wife of Bath

• gold digger
• 5 marriages
• enjoys sex

women were meant to be chaste. Theyw ere not to experience sexual pleasure.

There was a housewife come from Bath, or near,
Who—sad to say—was deaf in either ear.
At making cloth she had so great a bent
She bettered those of Ypres and even of Ghent.
Her kerchiefs were of finest weave and ground;(5)
I dare swear that they weighed a full ten pound
Which, of a Sunday, she wore on her head.
Her hose were of the choicest scarlet red,
Close gartered, and her shoes were soft and new.
Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.(10)

She’d been respectable throughout her life,
With five churched husbands bringing joy and strife,
Not counting other company in youth;
But thereof there’s no need to speak, in truth.
Three times she’d journeyed to Jerusalem;(15)
And many a foreign stream she’d had to stem;
At Rome she’d been, and she’d been in Boulogne,
In Spain at Santiago, and at Cologne.
.

            

She could tell much of wandering by the way:
Gap-toothed was she, it is no lie to say.(20)
Upon an ambler easily she sat,
Well wimpled, aye, and over all a hat
As broad as is a buckler or a targe,
A rug was tucked around her buttocks large,
And on her feet a pair of spurs quite sharp.(25)
In company well could she laugh and carp.
The remedies of love she knew, perchance,
For of that art she’d learned the old, old dance