the Middle English Period

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 5

the Middle English Period  1066-1500

history

• King Edward
• Harold Godwinson
• William, Duke of Normandy
• Battle of Hastings

feudal system

the Domesday Book

• record of everything everyone owned
• rights and duties of every landowner
• rights and duties of every court

important historical record

language

• French;  language of Royal court
• French:  language of ruling classes (nobility)
• French:  language of business
• English:  language of commoners
• Latin: language of the clergy
• 14th century: English became the dominant language again! This language is called Middle English
• Much influence of French on this language ( many French words)

crusades

• Memento Mori ( remeber that you will die)
• importance of religion in the Middle Ages
• to recover the Holy Land and to defend Christianity

Magna Carta

• 1215 King John (Plantagenets) forced by his barons to sign the Magna Carta
• first English Law Book
• limit to  the king's authority

the hundred years' war 1337-1453

• the English claimed the French throne, leading to hostilities
• after the war both the houses of Lancaster and York claimed the throne, leading to the Wars of the Roses ( 1445-1487)
• The Tudors came to the throne

Teacher: Learn the History of England

Student - goes home & watches Game of Thrones.

literature

• popular genres were: fables, ballads and romances
• courtly love tradition

Fable

Fable is a literary device that can be defined as a concise and brief story intended to provide a morallesson  at the end. In literature, it is described as a didactic lesson given through some sort of animal story. In prose and verse, a fable is described through plants, animals, forces, of nature, and inanimate objects by giving them human attributes wherein they demonstrate a moral lesson at the end.

Features of a Fable

• A fable is intended to provide a moral story.
• Fables often use animals as the main characters. They are presented with anthropomorphic characteristics, such as the ability to speak and to reason.
• Fables personify the animal characters.

the fox Reynard

• Beatrix Potter's Mr Tod and Roals Dahl's Fantastic Mr Fox were based on Reynard.
• first version in Middle Dutch in 13th century: Reynard

35:13

What is a ballad?

the Ballad

The word ballad is of French provenance. It is a type of poetry or verse which was basically used in dance songs in ancient France. Later on, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, it spread over the majority of European nations. Owing to its popularity and emotional appeal, it remained a powerful tool for poets and lyricists to prepare music in the form of lyrical ballads, and earn a handsome income from it.

the ballad

Ballads, no matter which category they fall into, mostly rely on simple and easy-to-understand language, or dialect from its origin. Stories about hardships, tragedies, love, and romance are standard ingredients of the ballad. This is irrespective of geographical origins.

Another conspicuous element of any ballad is the recurrence of certain lines at regular intervals. Ballads can also be in interrogative form, with appropriate answers to every question asked. Ballads seldom offer a direct message about a certain event, character, or situation. It is left to the audience to deduce the moral of the story from the whole narration.

The ballad is still a popular genre. Think of the ballad of the green baret and ballads like the "zuiderzee ballade".

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Sir Patrick Spens

The King sits in Dunfirmline town, 

Drinking of the blood-red wine

"Where can I get a steely skipper 

To sail this might boat of mine?"

Then up there spoke a bonny boy, 

Sitting at the King's right knee

"Sir Patrick Spens is the very best seaman 

That ever sailed upon the sea"

Sir Patrick Spens

The King has written a broad letter 

And sealed it up with his own right hand

Sending word unto Sir Patrick 

to come to him at his command

"An enemy then this must be 

Who told the lie concerning me

For I was never a very good seaman, 

Nor ever do intend to be"

Sir Patrick Spens

"Last night I saw the new moon clear 

With the new moon in her hair

And that is a sign since we were born 

That means there'll be a deadly storm"

They had not sailed upon the deep a day, 

A day but barely free

When loud and boisterous blew the winds 

And loud and noisy blew the sea

Sir Patrick Spens

Then up there came a mermaiden, 

A comb and glass all in her hand

"Here's to you my merry young men for you'll not see dry land again"

"Long may my lady stand 

Qith a lantern in her hand

Before she sees my bonny ship 

Come sailing homeward to dry land"

Forty miles off Aberdeen, 

The waters fifty fathoms deep

There lies good Sir Patrick Spens 

With the Scots lords at his feet

romance

Etymologically, romance comes from Anglo-Norman and Old French romanz, which means a story of chivalry and love. The word “romance” also refers to romantic love. As far as literature in concerned, the term has an entirely a different concept. It means romantic stories with chivalrous feats of heroes and knights. Romance describes chivalry and courtly love, comprising stories and legends of duty, courage, boldness, battles, and rescues of damsels in distress.

courtly love

Medieval literature includes several examples of courtly love. Sir Lancelot expresses this kind of love for Lady Guinevere in Arthurian legend, though he breaks the rules and takes Guinevere for his own.

 In Geoffrey Chaucer's The Knight's Tale, this type of love is depicted.

Many poets also dedicated their writing to noble ladies in acts of courtly love, such as Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, which he dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I. The poem depicts the Redcrosse knight's courtly love for the Lady Una. He protects her and professes to love her, while always behaving with the most chivalrous propriety.

Drama in 

the Middle English Period

Guilds

- Mystery plays

performed on Christian holidays and performed on a number of wagons that were moved all over town, each depicting a certain scene

The performed biblical story would often suit the guild performing it.

E.g. the story of the bread and fish would have been performed by the Baker's Guild

Guilds

- Morality plays

allegorical plays that teach a moral lesson. The characters are personifications of abstract qualities. They dramatize the conflict between good and evil and teach the audience that how good will always conquer bad, thus showing them how to get into heaven

Everyman

Everyman is a morality play, which details the life and death of the allegorical Everyman, who embodies all of humanity.

• Death warns Everyman that he will be judged by God when he dies.
  
• Terrified, Everyman turns to Fellowship, but his friends desert him. Everyman then hopes that his Goods will comfort him, but his possessions also abandon him.


• Everyman eventually arrives in Heaven with the help of Kindness, Strength, Beauty, etc. , but he learns that only his Good Deeds will come with him. He'll be judged by his actions alone.

Note that the characters in the play are personifications of virtues or sins!

Miracle or Mystery plays

1. They were no longer performed in church                                                             but in the open air or on wagons 
2. The original Latin was replaced by Middle English     
   
3. The actors were no longer priests but members of the town guilds 
   
4. The subject matter now covered the human elements of the bible. 
   

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

• knight of the Round Table (king Arthur)

Geoffrey Chaucer

• 1340-1400
• The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales

• link and frame story ('raamvertelling')
• Thomas Becket's tomb in Canterbury Cathedral
• unfinished
• General Prologue

General Prologue

https://www.sparknotes.com/nofear/lit/the-canterburytales/general-prologue/

Present a Canterbury Tale!

In a small group you will present / tell a tale.

You can choose from the following tales (which are the most popular ones):

- Wife of Bath's Tale

- The Knight's Tale

- The Miller's Tale

- The Reeve's Tale

- The Nun's Priest's Tale

(or any other)

Content

- Background of the narrator

- Summary / telling of the story

- A short (original) extract

- Significance (at the time) / Placing into context

E.g. it is rather remarkable that the Wife of Bath had been married 5 times already and talks of 'rape' in her story. This may suggest feminism avant la lettre... 

Presentation date: Monday 15 November

TIP: Check the General Prologue for this element

the wife of Bath

• gold digger
• 5 marriages
• enjoys sex

women were meant to be chaste. They were not to experience sexual pleasure.

There was a housewife come from Bath, or near,
Who—sad to say—was deaf in either ear.
At making cloth she had so great a bent
She bettered those of Ypres and even of Ghent.
Her kerchiefs were of finest weave and ground;(5)
I dare swear that they weighed a full ten pound
Which, of a Sunday, she wore on her head.
Her hose were of the choicest scarlet red,
Close gartered, and her shoes were soft and new.
Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.(10)

She’d been respectable throughout her life,
With five churched husbands bringing joy and strife,
Not counting other company in youth;
But thereof there’s no need to speak, in truth.
Three times she’d journeyed to Jerusalem;(15)
And many a foreign stream she’d had to stem;
At Rome she’d been, and she’d been in Boulogne,
In Spain at Santiago, and at Cologne.
.

            

She could tell much of wandering by the way:
Gap-toothed was she, it is no lie to say.(20)
Upon an ambler easily she sat,
Well wimpled, aye, and over all a hat
As broad as is a buckler or a targe,
A rug was tucked around her buttocks large,
And on her feet a pair of spurs quite sharp.(25)
In company well could she laugh and carp.
The remedies of love she knew, perchance,
For of that art she’d learned the old, old dance

Test Questions

- In pairs, go through the reader and LessonUp

- Come up with as many possible test questions as you can

Time: 20 minutes 

Submit your possible test
questions below:

Give 2 characteristics of a 'morality play'