V4 - week 9 - Alquin Grammar chpts 6 and 8 (Relative clauses & Nouns)

• Middelbare school

Alquin Grammar chpts. 6 & 8

Nouns 

(plural, countable, few, little etc.)

& 

Relative pronouns

(who, which, that, when etc.)

slides 23 & 24!

Study your TB Alquin Grammar

What do you know about nouns ?

What is a countable noun? Uncountable noun? (example)

When do you use a lot / a lot of / lots of?

When do you use much/many?

When do you use a little/a few?

What is the difference between A little/A few VS Little/Few

What do you know about nouns ?

Translate into English:

De meeste mensen

Weinig geld / weinig leerlingen

Een beetje geld / een paar leerlingen

Veel vertrouwen/ veel hoop (formeel/informeel)

Minder mensen/ minder kledingstukken

What do you know about nouns ?

How do you refer to "one" of these:

1. A loaf of bread
   
2. A ......... of toothpaste
   
3. A (sneetje) of bread
   
4. A ........... of lightning
   
5. A large (plas) of water
   
6. A ............ of paper
   

What is the plural form of:

1. tooth

2. sheep

3. goose

4. cliff

5 wolf

6. baby

Grammar - Nouns - chpt. 8

Countable (plural form, a/an, two ...) vs non-countable 

• Countable common nouns:
  

Concrete things (dogs, chairs, tables etc.)

• Non-countable common nouns
  

Abstract things (love, hate, positivity etc.)

Substance/material (coffee, tea, milk, sugar / wood/iron etc.)

-> Made countable by using: A bit of/ a piece of/a cup of/ a grain of/a lump of etc.

Much/many/a lot/lots of

Much:

• Non-countable nouns
  
• Used in questions and negative sentences for non-countable nouns
  
• Formal use in affirmative sentences for non-countable nouns
  

There isn't much to do around here. There is much concern for his well-being.

Many:

• Countable nouns
  
• Used in questions and negative sentences for countable nouns
  
• Formal use in affirmative sentences for countable nouns.

Are there many students who have passed the test? Many stories revolve around a central character overcoming a conflict.

Much/many/a lot/lots of

A lot of:

• Non-countable/countable nouns
  
• Used in affirmative sentences, questions and negative sentences 

Lots of:

• Informal language
  
• Non-countable/countable nouns
  

• Used in affirmative sentences, questions and negative sentences 
  

A lot:

• Same use as "a lot of" but used to refer to a noun (a lot of = followed by a noun): Were there a lot of problems? Yes there were quite a lot.
  

A little / less / A few / fewer

A little/less:

• Non-countable nouns
  
• Used in affirmative sentences, questions and negative sentences 

A little hope is a always a good thing. During winter some people have less hope than they do during summer.

A few/fewer:

• Countable nouns
  

• Used in affirmative sentences, questions and negative sentences 
  

A few students still don't understand the grammar in chapter 8. Fortunately these are fewer students than the teacher had expected.

A little:

Non-countable nouns

Een beetje

We know a little bit about the new boy.

A few:

• Countable nouns
  
• Een paar
  

There were only a few students left at the end of class.

Little

• Non-countable nouns
  
• Weinig
  

There is too little evidence to prove alien existence

Few:

• Countable nouns
  
• Weinig
  

When it comes down to real friendship, few people qualify.

She needed one hundred likes to win the prize, alas, she had too few.

Plural common nouns

Plural common nouns used in general sense -> no "the"

Summers are her favourite

People like ice cream.

Cows are a farmer's livestock.

Abbreviations - plural

CDs 

VIPs

60s

Simply add the "s" to the acronym/abbreviation. NEVER 'S!!! 

(so no apostrophe but simply "s" attached to the acronym/abbreviation)

Study nouns/plurals in chpt 8

Study all the nouns and their plural forms in chpt 8!!!!

Concord - Chpt. 8 ex. 12

When two related nouns are plural:

The child lost its key.

The children lost their keys

The man parked his motorbike.

The men parked their motorbikes.

Note:

The guests got into their car and left -> left in ONE car

The guests got into their cars and lef -> left in MORE/SEPARATE cars

Hyphenate (-)numbers in  adjectives (ex. 13)

a note of ten pounds 

BUT

a ten-pound note

a walk of six miles

BUT

a six-mile walk

an exam of two hours

BUT

a two-hour exam

number + adjective BEFORE the noun? -? Hyphenate (-) between number and adjective. Number is singular (so no "s")

The Genitive/Possessive form - ex. 14-16

a) singular: noun +'s -> The girl's bike

b) plural with noun ending in "s": ' (apostrohpe) -> The students' hostel 

c) historic names ending in "s" (Jezus, Archimedes etc.) -> ' (apostrophe) -> Archimedes' law, Jezus' life

d) names ending in "s" -> 's or ' (apostrophe only) -> Mr. Jones's house or Mr. Jones' house /Dickens's novels or Dickens' novels

The Genitive/Possessive use

a) persons and related nouns (a man's job/ my life's aim etc.)

b) animals (the horse's mouth, the eagles' nest)

c) countries, cities, geographical areas (Russia's exports, China's battle against the Corona virus)

d) ships/vehicles (the train's heating system/ the ship's mast)

e) locations (St. Paul's Cathedral/ at my aunt's/at the butcher's/at Bill's = at his place)

f) time and distance (yesterday's news, a week's holiday, in three years' time, a ten minutes' break -> or a ten-minute break)

g) money and value (one millon's worth of diamonds/1,000,000.-'s worth of diamonds/ six euros' worth of ice-cream

h) expressions (a stone's throw, the water's edge, a winter's day or a winter day)

Often there's a choice: the car's engine or the engine of the car/ the town's population/the population of the town

Other cases: of-construction

The top of the hill/ banks of the river/legs of the chair/walls of the town/roof of the church

But you may say:

river banks,  town walls, church roof (idiomatic/fixed expressions)

The Genitive - main word omitted

My car is more expensive than John's

My bike is faster than Lea's.

Whose book is this? It's his.

My bicycle is more expensive than yours.

Double genitive

double genitive = of-construction + 's

Is that a friend of yours?

Is that a new book of hers?

Was that a sweater of your mother's?

These are relatives of my dad's.

Relative clauses & Antecedent- chpt 6

NR - Peter Jones, who plays goalkeeper for our village football team, has worked at his father's greengrocers for twenty years.

Non-restrictive clause. It describes Peter Jones , but it does not identify him. 

It is merely additional information about him. 

Deleting this clause would not affect the meaning!

VS

R - The man who plays goalkeeper for our village football team has worked at his father's greengrocers for twenty years.

Restrictive clause. It describes the man, and it identifies him. 

It is not just additional information. 

It is essential for understanding!

Relative clauses - chpt 6

Who/which/that/whose/whom -> modifies an antecedent 

1. The man who stopped me was a police officer.
   
2. The man, who was a friend of Janine's, came over for supper.

1= restrictive

2=non-restrictive

Restrictive vs non-restrictive

1. The man who stopped me was a police officer.
   
2. The man, who was a friend of Janine's, came over for supper.
   

1. The dog that ran away from home was a labrador.
   
2. The dog was very friendly, which comes as no surprise.
   

Restrictive: 1 (essential information modifying antecedent = the man, the dog)

Non-restrictive: 2 (extra information, not necessary to understand meaning)

Restrictive vs non-restrictive

• Which -> things/animals/subclauses (bijzinnen) -> restrictive, non-restrictive (preceded by comma)
  

• That -> people/pets/things/animals -> restrictive (no comma)
  

• Who -> people/pets -> restrictive, non-restrictive (preceded by comma)
  

Stappen om who/which/that/niets te kiezen 

in de relative clause:

1) verwijst het naar een persoon: who, that

2) verwijst het naar niet-personen: which, that

3) verwijst het naar een bijzin die niet vereist is: which (voorafgegaan door KOMMA)

4) is de bijzin vereist: that (= US preference)/which/who - GEEN KOMMA (zie volgende slide)

5) who(m)/that/ which = geen onderwerp in de restrictive clause: dan ook "niets"/weglaten 

Restrictive vs non-restrictive

• Whose -> wiens (the man/men whose dog died.) -> restrictive, non-restrictive (preceded by comma)
  

• Whom -> people indien: lijdend (direct object) of meewerkend voorwerp (indirect object) 

       

In schrijftaal gebruik je "whom" wanneer dit niet het onderwerp is. 

      The boy who(m) I left at the altar has never spoken to me again. 

• People -> "who" has preference over "that"
  

• In British English, however, 'that' and 'which' can both be used for restrictive clauses. But in both the US and the UK, non-restrictive clauses are only written with 'which'. If you want to avoid confusion, it makes sense to use 'that' for restrictive clauses and 'which' for non-restrictive clauses.

Read/study page 78 TB!!!

Restrictive vs non-restrictive

Which -> things, animals, or referring to subclauses (bijzinnen) -> restrictive, non-restrictive (preceded by comma)

That -> people, pets, things, animals -> restrictive (no comma)

Who -> people, pets -> restrictive, non-restrictive (preceded by comma)

Whom -> people, pets -> restrictive (schrijftaal = whom, informeler = who / antecedent is geen onderwerp)

Whose -> wiens (the man/men whose dog died.) -> restrictive, non-restrictive (preceded by comma)

Read/study page 78 TB!!!

That/which/who/whom in restrictive clauses - indien geen onderwerp

Wanneer "that", "who" en "which" geen onderwerp zijn in de restrictive clause, dan mag je deze weglaten (heeft de voorkeur)

The people (who(m)/that) you (you = ondw) are talking about are nice.

The colour of the car (which/that) she (she = ondw.)  was driving was purple.

Maar bij non-restrictive clauses kan dit niet (het weglaten van het "relative pronoun"/betrekkelijk voornaamwoord)!:

This is Tim, who(m) I introduced you to earlier.

This is my very first car, which I bought with my first pay check.

Restrictive vs non-restrictive

Whom -> people ->  restrictive 

Verwijst naar lijdend (direct object) of meewerkend voorwerp (indirect object) 

The boy who(m) I left at the altar has never talked to me again.

Often "who" is used as well, technically correct is "whom".

Restrictive vs non-restrictive

• People -> "who" has preference over "that"
  

• Which or that in non-restrictive sentences? Which = more formal / That = slightly less formal
  

• Whom -> formal. Very often "who" is used. 
  

BUT: about + whom  -> The people about whom you were talking.... This is 

What / Where / Why / When / Of which

• What: used when there is NO ANTECEDENT -> What you say is true.  I don't know what you're talking about.
  

• Where:  place -> This is the house where I grew up.
  

• Why:  reason/cause -> The main reason why I remember this.......
  

• When: time -> The period when he was young ...
  

• Of which (waarvan): a puzzle of which nine pieces are missing. I've got two books I need to read, one of which is indeed interesting.
  

• In which: the house in which he lives ... = formal (less formal = where he lives)
  
• During which: the period during which = formal (less formal = when he lived)
  

READ/STUDY page 83 TB