Linguistics: recap and Chapter 18 Regional Variation

Linguistics: Chapter 18
Regional Variation

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EngelsHBOStudiejaar 2

This lesson contains 53 slides, with interactive quizzes and text slides.

time-iconLesson duration is: 50 min

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Linguistics: Chapter 18
Regional Variation

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But first...test your knowledge

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Which of the following words came into the English language through coinage?
A
Assassin
B
Infotainment
C
Kleenex
D
a hankie

Slide 3 - Quiz

3 X
5 X
4 X
4 X
3 X
The divine source
The natural
sound source
The social inter-action source
The physical
adaptation source
The genetic source
Innateness hypothesis
FOXP2
Larynx
capacity for speech
risk of choking
"Yo-he-ho" theory
Coordinated effort
The "Pooh-Pooh" theory
Social groups
The "Bow-Wow" theory
Onomatopeia
Instinctive emo-tional sounds
Quest for "original" language
There's one in almost every culture

Slide 4 - Drag question

You are hungry and would like to eat something. Which of the following is/are indirect speech acts
A
Are you having anything to eat?
B
Are you going to finish that?
C
I am hungry.
D
Give me a sandwich!

Slide 5 - Quiz

Lexical
Functional
Inflectional
Deriva-
tional
shock
shocked
distasteful
shocks
teacher
teacher's
Their
for
effect
how
stronger

Slide 6 - Drag question

1
2
3
4
5

Slide 7 - Drag question

"I am taking my dog to the vet"
What process led to the word vet?


Slide 8 - Open question

He drank the whole bottle
Hyponomy
antonym
synonym
homonym
 go see the vet
He is a Nam vet
couch
sofa
bank
metonomy
superordinate
buy
sell
boiling a kettle

Slide 9 - Drag question

In which of the following words is "im" NOT a derivational morpheme?
A
Impossible
B
Imperceptible
C
Impala
D
Imperil

Slide 10 - Quiz

What term do linguists use for words from different languages that are similar in form and meaning?
Words like: Hause, house, huis

Slide 11 - Open question

Person deixis
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
I
am
sorry
that
he
was
not
here
yesterday

Slide 12 - Drag question

Which of the following principles / maxims is broken?
A
quantity
B
quality
C
relation
D
manner

Slide 13 - Quiz

Q1: Have you seen my sneakers?
Q3: Green? Which ones do you mean?
A2: Yes, the green ones with the yellow stripes!
With the yellow stripes
They are in the bedroom
Q2
A3
Do you mean those green ones?
A1:

Slide 14 - Drag question

How did you do? Which topics are still difficult for you?

Slide 15 - Open question

Linguistics: Chapter 18
Regional Variation

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This commercial raised some Dutch
eyebrows in 2004. Why?

Slide 17 - Open question

                                                                                       Accents in 
                                                                                      advertising 

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Learning aims:
By the end of this session you will be able to:
  • explain the difference between a dialect, an accent and a language;
  • explain and apply your knowledge of terminology concerning regional varieties, e.g. isoglosses, diglossia
  • explain how pidgins and creoles differ;
  • And you will be aware that there is no “proper” variety of English.

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What is “English”?
Every language has a lot of variations, especially in spoken language.
These variations can differ from country to country and between different parts of the country.
Linguistic geography
Which variety do you ( prefer to) speak?

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Standard language (a variety)
  • An idealized variety (‘proper” English?)
  • No specific region
  • For most people the language accepted as the official language of their country or community.
  • The dominant, or most prestigious, dialect.
  • The language printed in newspapers & books, used in mass-media and taught in schools (also as L2/FL)
  • Standards:
  • Standard American English
  • Standard British English
  • Standard Australian English
….

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Have you met Amy Walker? She is from.....

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Accent & Dialect
Systematic differences in the way different groups speak a language

Accent:
Pronunciation
Regional: Australian accent, New York accent, French accent, etc

Dialect:
Varieties in grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, but still mutually understandable (if not; another language)

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Differences in dialects:
1. Phonological (also in accents):
Individual words:
dance, about, potatoes, water, house, etc
Sentence stress patterns.
2. Lexical:
Compare British English – American English:
first floor/ground floor, elevator/lift, pants/trousers, etc.
3. Grammatical:
Double negative, deletion of the verb “be”
He don’t know nothing.
They mine.

Slide 25 - Slide

I've lost my key, have you seen it?
I lost my key, have you see it? 
R is pronounced
R is sometimes silent
Trousers
Pants
Fall
Autumn

Slide 26 - Drag question

Regional dialects
Often a source of humour/jokes > based on stereotyped  
                                                                   pronunciation

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Regional dialects
Serious research of regional dialects:
Identification of consistent features of speech found in one geographical area (when compared to another region)

The informants tended to be NORMS
non-mobile, older, rural, male speakers
Outdated information?

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NORMS

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American dialects

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An example
New York City accent bears little resemblance to the other dialects in this region. It is also the most disliked and parodied of any American dialect (even among New Yorkers).

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English Dialects

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Cockney
  • Originally the dialect of the working class of East End London.
  • Pronunciation:
house becomes /aus/ (or even /a:s/)
think > /fingk/
water > /wo?i/
time > /toim/, brave > /braiv/, etc.
  • Besides the accent, it includes a large number of slang words, including the famous rhyming slang:
plates -- feet [from plates of meat = feet]
skin – sister [from skin and blister = sister]
trouble --  wife [from trouble and strife = wife]

Slide 33 - Slide

Who were the NORMS?

Slide 34 - Open question

In Cockney the word "telephone" is replaced by "dog" (= 'dog-and-bone'); "wife" by "trouble" (= 'trouble-and-strife'); "eyes" by "minces" (= 'mince pies'); "wig" by "syrup" (= 'syrup of figs') and "feet" by "plates" (= 'plates of meat').
Can you “translate” the following utterance by a speaker of Cockney rhyming slang into English:
"It nearly knocked me off me plates—he was wearing a syrup! So I ran up the apples, got straight on the dog to me trouble and said I couldn't believe me minces.“

Slide 35 - Open question

Regional dialects: research(where are the boundaries?)
  • Isogloss: a line across a map separating two areas with regard to one particular linguistic item (paper bag vs paper sack)
  • A bundle of isoglosses can form a dialect boundary > dialect maps.
  • Dialect continuum: not a sharp boundary between dialects.

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Slide 38 - Link

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An isogloss is a line across a map separating two areas with regard to
A
one particular linguistic item
B
several linguistic items

Slide 41 - Quiz

A large number of isoglosses together would constitute a
A
dialect boundary
B
dialect continuum
C
twicogloss
D
country

Slide 42 - Quiz

In reality such a number of isoglosses would not constitute a sharp boundary, we call this a
A
dialect boundary
B
dilectum
C
dialect continuum
D
isoglossing

Slide 43 - Quiz

Looking at this picture,
what can you say about the
development of “flock”?

Slide 44 - Open question

Bilingualism
Many countries have a lot of regional varieties of the language (=dialects)

Some countries have two (or more) official languages.
Usually one first language, the second language learned at school.

Diglossia: 2 distinct varieties
    of a language (high / low)
       E.g. African American Vernacular English vs Standard (American English)

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Bilingualism 

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Pidgin
  • Contact language
  • Usually trade between 2 groups of people who did not speak each others language.
  • No native speakers.
  • An “English pidgin” if English is the lexifier language. (the main source of words)
  • Simplified language (and creative linguistic ability)

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Creole
  • Can develop from a pidgin: creolization
  • Becomes first language of a social community
  • Native speakers
  • Becomes more complex; more grammatical


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Language planning
  • Can/should the government do something to interfere with/have an influence on people’s use of language? > establish the standard variety or language and implement this standard.
  • Language taught in school?
  • Language bans.
  • National language “wars”
  • Language = identity?

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Next week
Chapter 19: social variation in language

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