V5 grammar period 3_23-24

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 5

V5 period 3_23-24

Tests period 3

Vocabulary units 51-75 + Grammar Units 12-21 + app. 1

Comparative essay writing (in class) - wk 13

Grammar Unit 12 - Used to do

Used to + hele ww/infinitive - I used to sleepwalk when I was young.

Did you use to + hele ww/infinitive - Did you used to sleepwalk when you were young?

I didn't use to sleepwalk when I was young

Beschrijft een gewoonte in het verleden/something happened regularly in the past

(Vroeger slaapwandelde ik)

Grammar Unit 12 - AM/WERE/GOT used to doING

AM/ARE/WAS/WERE/GOT USED to DOING 

We are used to working late at night.

They weren't used to sleeping in on Sunday.

She got used to his snoring at night.

Beschrijft dat je aan iets gewend bent/was

Unit 13 - Modals (must, have to etc.) 

Strong obligation:

• Must (past simple = had to) -> personal opinion (Doctor to patient: "You must listen to me carefully"/The doctor told me I had to listen to him);  the law states it;  public signs.  Note: mustn't = prohibition
• Have (got) to (past simple = had to) -> you are forced by: the law, a rule, a person of authority (parent, teacher, doctor, police officer) (The doctor says I have to listen to him)
• Need to (it is necessary)

Weak obligation:

• Should (strong advice)
• Ought to (= moral obligation/strong advice)

Lack of obligation/optional

• Don't/doesn't/didn't have to
• Needn't/don't need to

 Unit 13 - Modals (must, have to etc.)

Permission/possibility/ability:

• Can
• Could (polite form/past simple form)
• To be able to (present perfect form/past perfect form/future form etc.) -> I have never been able to

(note: cannot = strong form for can't)

• May (Might = very polite form + past simple form of may: might also signals less possibility)

Repetition in the past

• Used to + infinitive; didn't USE to + infinitive
• Would (formal; past simple of "will") We would go for long walks when we were young (more formal than saying we used to go for long walks) 

Unit 13 - Modals (must, have to etc.) 

Must:

Aside from obligation/necessity/rules:

Conclusion (het kan niet anders dan/het zal wel zo zijn) -> You have been working all night long, you must be really tired

Recommendation: It is such a great movie, you must see it!

Unit 14 - Conditional clauses I/II/III

For conditional clauses, please see the slides below

0 conditional - If + present simple; present simple (things that are always true) - If you heat up snow, it melts

1st conditional - If + present simple;will/can + infinitive (a possible situation) - If you work more hours, you will earn more.

2nd conditional - If + past simple; would/could + infinitive (an unreal situation) - If you won the lottery, would you buy a sports car?

3rd conditional - If + past perfect; would/could have + 3rd form (unchangeable situation - looking back at the past, you cannot change it) - If you had warned me, I would not have gone to the party.

Unit 14 - Mixed conditionals

Unreal past + present result

If 3rd conditional/past perfect; 2nd conditional/would + infinitive -> If you hadn't misinformed me, I wouldn't be lost right now.

If 2nd conditional/was/were; 3rd conditional /past perfect -> If I wasn't afraid of heights, I would have joined you

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Mixed conditionals

Mix of 2nd and 3rd conditional (to show a present result)

If + past perfect; would + infinitive

If you had warned by, I would not be here right now

If + past simple; would have + 3rd form

If I knew you liked shushi, I would have ordered it.

Unit 15 - I wish + 2nd form/past simple

I wish + past simple:

to say we regret something is not as we would like it to be right now

i.e.: I wish you wouldn't talk so much; I wish I had more time; 

I wish you were here; I wish I knew more about this topic

Unit 15 - I wish + past perfect (had + 3rd form)

I wish + past perfect (had +3rd form):

looking back on a situation in the past, and saying we are sorry something happened/didn't happen

i.e.: I wish you hadn't done that; I wish I had been there; I wish I had never met him; I wish I hadn't witnessed that.

Unit 16 - It is time + to+ infinitive OR It is time + pronoun+ past simple; 

It is time + to + infinitive  -> to make an OBJECTIVE statement 

i.e. It is time to say goodbye now; It is time to turn over a new leaf.

It is (high/about) time + personal pronoun + past simple -> speaker FEELS sth. should be done soon/happen soon (urgency!PERSONAL OPINION)

i.e. It is high time he went to live on his own; It is about time you behaved . It is time he started working.

Unit 16 - Would rather + infinitive OR Would rather + past simple

Would rather/'d rather + infinitive -> speaker indicates/asks what (s)he or someone would like/prefer

i.e. Would you rather have tea or coffee? Would you like to drive together? No, I'd rather travel by train; I'd rather walk than sit in the same car with you for hours ;-)

Would rather/'d rather  + past simple/past perfect -> speaker addresses YOU and tells you/them what (s)he would prefer you/them to do or not to do

i.e. Would you like me to open a window? No, I'd rather you didn't; I'd rather you didn't take the last cookie; I'd rather you hadn't taken the cat with you in the car.

Unit 16 - Prefer + to + infinitive / Would prefer + past tense

Prefer -> speaker indicates what (s)he likes better; 

-> prefer this to that

-> prefer + to + infinitive OR prefer + verb + ing

-> would prefer + to + infinitive/would rather + infinitive (WHAT THE SPEAKER PREFERS/QUESTIONS)

-> would prefer + you + past simple/would rather you + past simple (TO INDICATE WHAT THE SPEAKER PREFERS YOU TO DO/THE SPEAKER ADDRESSES YOU/QUESTIONS)

-> in comparisons, use "to" (I prefer tea to coffee; I'd rather have tea than coffee)

I prefer beach holidays to active holidays; 

Coffee or tea? I prefer tea. 

I prefer working at home to working in the office; I prefer to meet my colleagues during the day.

I would prefer it if the governement didn't go back to the strict Covid measures; I'd prefer it if you didn't disturb me.

I would prefer to eat out at Macy's this evening

Unit 17 - Passive Voice general rules

Active Voice = SUBJECT does the ACTION -> I do my homework in the evenings.

Passive Voice =DIRECT OBJECT/INDIRECT OBJECT /PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT in subject position and UNDERGOES THE ACTION by the agent; 

Active: He gives her roses every year on Valentine's day. 

Passive: Roses are given (by him) every year etc. (roses = direct object in subject position); She is given roses (by him) (her = indirect object in subject position turns to she)

Active: They laughed at John

Passive: John was laughed at (by them) (prepositional object in subject position)

TO BE matches tense active voice 

TO BE matches/concords with singular or plural new subject (The rose IS given; Roses ARE given)

Unit 17 - Passive Voice general rules

Passive Voice steps

1) Direct Object or Indirect Object or Prepositional object in subject position -> Homework

2) Form of "to be" + 3rd form of active voice verb; 

    Tense of "to be" matches the tense in the active voice 

-> active voice = do = present simple 

-> passive voice = Is (present simple of "to be) + 3rd form of "do" = done

3) Check the singular/plural fo "to be" (concord needed with new subject -> i.e. if direct object is plural, to be becomes are)

4) Add the agent (=subject in active voice) 

-> by me

Passive Voice - please note

1) Direct object (lijdend voorwerp -> je stelt de vraag "wie/wat  + ondw. + gezegde in actieve zin -> antwoord = lijdend voorwerp)

2) Indirect object (meewerkend voorwerp -> aan/voor wie + ond. + gezegde actieve zin -> antwoord = meewerkend voorwerp)

3) Prepositional object (voorzetsel voorwerp -> naam/zelfstandig nmw  na voorzetsel)

Direct object, indirect object and prepositional object in the active voice can all become subjects in the passive voice

He gave Sue a bouquet of red roses

1) A bouquet of red roses was given to Sue by him

2) Sue was given a bouquet of red roses by him

They laughed at John;

3) John was laughed at by them (preposition at the end of the sentence, before the agent);

Passive Voice - please note

In Dutch passive voice often starts with "er": Er is gezegd, er wordt beweerd etc.

DO NOT START THE ENGLISH PASSIVE VOICE WITH "THERE" OR INCLUDE "THERE" IN THE PASSIVE VOICE SENTENCE

DUTCH: Er wordt beweerd dat hij van 1550 tot 1570 in dit huis gewoond heeft:

ENGLISH: He is alleged to have lived in this house from 1550 to 1570; 

ENGLISH: It is alleged he lived in this house etc.

DUTCH: Over 15 jaar zullen er mensen naar Mars gestuurd worden:

ENGLISH: In 15 years' time/In fifteen years people will be sent to Mars

UNIT 18 - Passive Voice - COMPOUND SENTENCES (2 subjects & 2 finite verbs)

 it is said/claimed/expected/alleged & other constructions

A) Active: They/people say (that) the Queen is ill. -> Passive: The queen is said to be ill 

This sentence above is a compound sentence because of "that", and 2 subjects and 2 finite verbs: they say + the queen is. The subordinate clause (subclause) is the sentence part following "that" (applies to sentences B and C as well)

B) Active: We expected (that) the strike would end soon -> Passive: The strike was expected to end soon.

C1) Active: The police claim (that) the man robbed/has robbed five banks/ 

C2) Active: The police claimed (that) the man had robbed five banks/

C3 Active: They say (that) John Milton wrote this sonnet

Passive voice C1/2/3:

-> C1) The man is claimed to have robbed five banks; (and yes: Five banks are claimed to have been robbed by the man)

->C2) The man was claimed to have robbed five banks. (and yes: Five banks were claimed to have been robbed by the man)

->C3) This sonnet is said to have been written by John Milton (and yes: John Milton is said to have written this sonnet)

UNIT 18 - Passive Voice compound sentences (explained a bit easier)

They say (that) the queen is ill (say = present simple; is = present simple)

1) It is said the queen is ill

2) The queen is said to be ill 

The police claim (that) the man robbed seven banks (claim = present simple; robbed = past simple)

1) It is claimed the man robbed seven banks

2) The man is claimed to have robbed seven banks 

Steps:

1. The subject of the subclause (= part after "that") becomes the subject of the passive sentence (e.g. the queen; the man)
2. The tense of the main clause (=part before "that")  in the active sentence becomes the tense of the passive sentence  (is said)
3. The present simple verb in the subclause (e.g. is) becomes "to be"/"to + infinitive"
4. The past simple verb in the subclause (e.g. robbed) becomes "to have robbed"/"to have + 3rd form" in the passive sentence

UNIT 18 - Passive Voice - COMPOUND SENTENCES (2 subjects & 2 finite verbs)

 it is;  he is (=indirect object) said/claimed/expected/alleged + to + infinitive 

OR + to has/have (been) + 3rd form 

& other constructions

THREE steps for turning an active compound sentence into a passive sentence

1) subject of the subclause in the active sentences becomes the subject of the passive sentence (i.e. the queen = new subject)

2)the tense of the main clause in the active sentences becomes the tense of the passive sentence (say -> it is said = present simple; active= would end -> passive = to end)

3)the present simple verb in the subclause (sentence A = is) becomes "to" + infinitive in the passive sentence;

the tense past simple/present perfect/past perfect verb in the subclause  (sentence C1, C2, C3) becomes 

to have + 3rd form in C1 and C2(because "the man" is subject in the subclauses in sentences C1 and C2) 

to have BEEN +3rd form in C3 (because "a sonnet" = direct object in the subclause C3-> has BEEN; for indirect objects also 

to have BEEN + 3rd form)

UNIT 18 - PV compound sentences tricky

They say John Milton wrote this sonnet

Subject in subclause = John Milton

Direct object (lv) in subclause = this sonnet

Say = present simple verb in main clause

Wrote = past simple verb in subclause

John Milton is said to have written this sonnet

This sonnet is said to have been written by John Milton (= double passive)

UNIT 18 - PV compound sentences tricky

He expected that the strike would begin the next day -> get rid of "would"

(the strike = subject of subclause; expected = past simple verb in the main clause)

The strike was expected to begin the next day

They believe poverty drove him to desperation 

(poverty = subject of subclause; him = direct object in subclause; drove = past simple verb in the subclause)

Poverty is believed to have driven him to desperation.

He is believed to have been driven to desperation by poverty. (double passive)

 TIPS & TRICKS

Active voice: present perfect (has/have + 3rd form)

Passive voice: has BEEN/ have BEEN + 3rd form

Active voice: past perfect (had + 3rd form)

Passive voice: had BEEN + 3rd form

Active voice: present continuous (am/is/are + verb + ing)

Passive voice: am/is/are + BEING + 3rd form

Active voice: past continuous (was/were + verb + ing)

Passive voice: was/were BEING +3d form

Modals (easy ;-): can/could/will/would/shall/should/must/may/might/have to/ought to-> repeat modal + be + 3d form (i.e. can be done; must be done etc.)

Unit 19 - Causative have - steps

When we were(1) on holiday, someone broke (3) into our house (2)

-> We had our house broken into when we were on holiday.

Steps:

1. to have = same tense as finite verb (to have past zich aan aan de tijd persoonsvorm) 
2. direct object (lijdend voorwerp) na had -> had our home
3. add past participle (voltooid deelwoord) of infinitive verb ( van hele ww) after direct object (na lv) -> had our home broken into

THE OBJECT (LV) IS PLACED BETWEEN A FORM OF HAVE AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Unit 19 - Causative have

To have something done

(mind the tenses: had her hair cut; is going to have her hair cut; always has her hair cut etc.)

(het onderwerp laat iets doen) Laten doen:

Mom will have her car repaired; Danny had his  hair cut; We are going to have the article translated

Iets gebeurt/overkomt je (het onderwerp van de zin overkomt iets)

I had my electricity cut off/ She had her car broken into / We had our luggage searched.

THE OBJECT (LV) IS PLACED BETWEEN A FORM OF HAVE AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Unit 19 - Causative have - examples

You ought to ask someone to test your eyes and hearing.

-> You ought to have your eyes and hearing tested

We asked him to paint our fence

-> We had our fence painted

Your hair needs cutting

->You need to have your hair cut.

They dyed her hair purple.

She had her hair dyed purple.

Unit 20 - Gerund/to infinitive

Study the words/verbs/prepositions/expressions in your Grammar in Progress WB that take

a gerund (verb + ing) or to + infinitive (p. 79 t/m 86)

Gerund = verb + ing:

Used as:

• Subject (Swimming is a lot of fun)
• Object (They like swimming more than hiking)
• After prepositions (without, succeed in, insist on, feel like, object to)
• After expressions (used to; it is no use; to have difficulty;  can't help; look forward to; it's (not) worth; it's no good; there's no point in; can't stand; am/get used to; 

Unit 20 - Gerund/to infinitive

Study the words/verbs/prepositions/expressions in your Grammar in Progress WB that take

a gerund (verb + ing) or to + infinitive (p. 79 t/m 86)

NOTE:

I remembered to take out the garbage.

I remember swimming in the lake all summer last year.

He stopped to smoke.

He stopped smoking.

He went on to elaborate on his plans

He went on talking.

(and more differences in your WB)

Unit 20 - Gerund/to infinitive

verbs of perception can take gerund or to infinitive

I saw him cross the street (already finished; je zag dat hij overstak)

I saw him crossing the street (action in progress; je zag hoe hij overstak ->descriptive)

Unit 21 - Present/Perfect/Past Participles

Present participle:

They called him while bearing in mind they had to go easy on him.

Feeling a bit ill, she decided to stay in bed.

Being too shy to speak, he quickly sat down.

Perfect participle:

Having done all her homework, she treated herself to some ice cream.

Having dealt with the problem swiftly, she was proud of herself.

Past participle:

Shocked by her words, he got up and left.

Surrounded by all the people she loved, she decided to share her story.

Present/Perfect/Past Participles

Present participle -> often two things happen at the same time

They called him, bearing in mind they had to go easy on him.

Crossing the street, he forgot to look carefully.

Being too shy to speak, he quickly sat down.

Perfect participle -> the action happened before another action

Having done all her homework, she treated herself to some ice cream.

Having dealt with the problem swiftly, she was proud of herself.

Past participle -> relates to passive constructions

Shocked by her words, he got up and left.

Surrounded by all the people she loved, she decided to share her story.

Aim of these constructions is to shorten the sentence, can also draw attention to the participle phrase

Appendix 1 - p. 172-176

Irregular verbs

1st form = hele werkwoord (to do)

2nd form = past simple (did)

3rd form = past participle (done -> has/have done; had done; is done etc.)

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