5.1 Development Opportunities

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5.1 Development Opportunities

IB Geography HL - Human Development and Diversity 

This presentation is for a large extend based on: Matt Podbury -ibgeographypods

1. Development opportunities

Ways of supporting the processes of human development

The multidimensional process of human development and ways to measure it:

• UN Sustainable Development Goals criteria
• validity and reliability of development indicators and indices, including the human development index (HDI) and gender inequality index (GII)
• empowering women and indigenous or minority groups
• Detailed illustrative examples of affirmative action to close the development gap

How would you define human development?

Give a new definition of human development.

As a class, try to name all 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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Which SDG did we miss in the mindmap?

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Which 3 SDG's would you rank as most important?

Let's check your knowledge of key terms! 

Go to: www.quizlet.live

If you want to practise the key terms yourself use this link: 

https://quizlet.com/join/hW3V7rxaN

What does HDI stand for?

If you had to come up with 3 criteria to measure human development (for the HDI) what would they be?

Human Development Index (HDI)

• Longevity (life expectancy).
• Education index - mean years of schooling or expected years of schooling.
• Standard of living - income ajusted to local cost of living, that is purchasing power. 

Does the UN encourage the use of the HDI or of GNI? (GNI = Gross National Income, used to be GDP)

1. HDI, because it is seen as more holistic.
2. GNI, because it is seen as more holistic.

Connect the correct boxes. 

High human development

Low human development 

Very high human development

Medium human development

the Netherlands 

China

India

Rwanda

Check out Wikipedia to fill in this schedule: 

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Negatives/criticism of the HDI

Some negatives of the HDI

• Data from some developing countries may not be very reliable and may be difficult to confirm.
• The measures chosen may seem very arbitrary to some because there are other way of measuring relative qualities in health and education.
• Similar criticism of GNI, that it does not measure unequal distribution within the country.
• No indication in the education index about access to education for all groups in society
• I.e. continuation of wealthy students through education can hide the fact that it is difficult for children of poorer families to enter primary education.

Positives of the HDI

Some positives of the HDI

• There is widespread use of HDI to compare development levels and it does reveal clear global patterns.
• Does not solely concentrate on economic development, and takes into consideration that there are other, more social, ways to measure human development.
• Increase in education and health shows an improvement in a countries infrastructure.

What does GII stand for?

If you had to come up with 3 criteria to measure gender inequality (for the GII) what would they be?

The Gender Inequality Index (GII)

• Reproductive health - as measured by maternal mortality ration and adolescen birth rates.
• Gender empowerment - as measured through the proportion of parliamentary seats held by women, and the proportion of adult females and males aged over 25 years with some experience of secondary school. 
• Economic satus - as measured by labour force participation by males and females aged 15 and over. 

Positives of the GII

Positives

• The GII includes reproductive health and measures empowerment beyond the female literacy and primary education. 
• Reveals gender disparities in labour market participation. 
• Avoids using flawed sex-disaggregated income measures.

Limitations of the GII

Limitations of the GII 

• It does not capture the length and breadth of gender inequality. (For example, it captures national parliamentary representation but excludes participation at the local government level and elsewhere in community and public life.) 
• The labour market dimension lacks information on employment and the quality of jobs. 
• The index misses other important dimensions, such as unpaid work, and the fact that many women carry an unfair burden of caregiving and housekeeping. 
• Asset ownership, child care support, gender-based violence and participation in community decision-making are also not captured in the GII, mainly due to limited data availability.

The multidimensional process of human development and ways to measure it:

• UN Sustainable Development Goals criteria
• Exam question: Discuss the validity and reliability of development indicators and indices such as the human development index (HDI) and gender inequality index (GII).
• empowering women and indigenous or minority groups
• Detailed illustrative examples of affirmative action to close the development gap

Based on what you have learned about human development, the HDI and the GII and Rwanda formulate at least 2 questions for Sanne.

The importance of social entrepreneurship approaches for human development:

• the work of microfinance organizations and their networks
• alternative trading networks such as “Fairtrade”
• TNC corporate social responsibility frameworks and global agreements

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Synthesis, evaluation and skills opportunities

How actions to support human development involve spatial interactions from local to global scales.

Exam Question: Examine how actions to support human development involve spatial interactions from local to global scales (16) 

Big thanks to:

Matt Podbury -ibgeographypods 

www.ibgeographypods.org/