FQ - 2B - 10 de marzo de 2022

• Natuurkunde / Scheikunde
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Chapter 6

You will learn to...

• Relate the concept of temperature to the average kinetic energy of particles in movement.
  
• Distinguish between the concepts of heat and temperature.
  
• Recognise the concept of heat as the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures.
• Learn about the physical processess that allow us to measure temperature with different thermometers.
• Relate the Kelvin scale to the Celsius scale.
• Recognise thermal equilibrium as the consequence of the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies or systems at different temperatures.
• Explain the three mechanisms of heat transfer.
• Justify the choice of materials to improve heat efficiency in buildings.

Today you will learn

• Relate the concept of temperature to the average kinetic energy of particles in movement.
• Distinguish between the concepts of heat and temperature.
• Relate the Kelvin scale to the Celsius scale. 

Thermal energy

Temperature is related to the movement of particles (atoms and molecules) that make up matter.

All bodies, moving at a certain speed,
have kinetic energy and therefore, so do
the molecules or atoms that form them.

Thermal energy is the average kinetic
energy of the atoms or molecules in a
substance.

We can see that the molecules in a solid substance are bonded, joined together. So, besides the kinetic energy which makes them vibrate, there is also energy stored in these bonds.

When we heat up a substance, we are tranferring energy and, therefore, increasing the thermal energy of its molecules. The molecules vibrate faster.

A moment comes in the 

heating process when the
energy that we supply is no 

longer used to increase the
thermal energy. It's used to
break the bonds that join the
molecules together. 

Molecules start moving faster.

Video

Watch the video and make notes on what's important!

Important in the video

Temperature – measure of how hot or cold something is compared to a reference point. Measuring temperature in three scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.

Absolute zero (O K) = lowest temperature possible. Particles have no kinetic energy.

Thermal energy – total energy of all the particles in an object & depends on the temperature of the object and the number of particles in that object

Heat – transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object

The centigrade scale or Celsius

Used to measure normal temperatures

0 - water freezes

100 - water boils

36,5 - human body

t(°C) = T (kelvin) - 273

The absolute scale or Kelvin

The real or physical temperature scale of a body.

Is directly related to the movement of the particles.

absolute zero / zero Kelvin - the natural limit of temperatures

T (Kelvin) = t(°C) + 273

Let's practise

Make exercises 2, 3, 4 on page 123

Make a mindmap of the theory.