2TTO Ch4.3

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Welcome to this lesson!

Today we will check what you learned from paragraph 4.2, and we will move on to paragraph 4.3.

First..

A few questions about paragraph 4.2, to check if you've understood it!

MALE PARTS

FEMALE PARTS

BOTH

URETHRA

VAGINA

PENIS

BLADDER

LABIA

GLANS

TESTICLES

UTERUS

OVARIES

CLITORIS

SCROTUM

PROSTATE

glans    foreskin

erictile tissue

sperm duct

urethra

epididymis

testis

scrotum

prostate

seminal vesicle

Stages of life

During life, the body goes through several changes. Some of these changes have to do with sex hormones

Secondary sexual characteristics

• When the child reaches puberty, sex hormones are produced to develop the secondary sexual characteristics. 
• These are processes and structures that develop throughout puberty. When someone has developed everything, they have reached the end of puberty
• Examples: menstruation, facial hair, lower voice, ...

Now to test if you understood this..

A few questions!

Are the female ovaries a primary or a secondary sexual characteristic?

1. Primary
2. Secondary

Is the development of pubic hair (click ? for Dutch) a primary or a secondary sexual characteristic?

Pubic hair = schaamhaar

1. Primary
2. Secondary

What is number 3?

1. Clitoris
2. Labia minora (Inner labia)
3. Labia Majora (Outer labia)
4. Hymen

Which of the following is NOT a male reproductive organ?

1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Pituitary gland
3. Prostate
4. Vas deferens

What is the female equivalent of the glans?

1. labia
2. vagina
3. clitoris
4. uterus

Primary sexual characteristics

Secondary sexual characteristics

Penis

Breast growth

Much lower voice

(Outer) Labia

Vagina

Wider hips

scrotum

Broad shoulders

Facial hair

Clitoris

Ovary

Labia

Ovi-ducts

Bladder

Uterus

Cervix

Urethra

Because of prostate enlargement due to aging (bigger prostate), men can have issues with urinating. Explain why this happens

The reproductive system

Contains all the organs needed for an organism to be able to sexually reproduce. This system is regulated by hormones.

Hormones

= regulatory substances that control processes in the body

• They do that by giving signals to organs (messengers)
• Produced by hormone glands from the endocrine system
• Transported by the circulatory system to get them where they need to be
• Effect can have a duration of hours up until months/years

Dutch for glands = klieren

Messengers

Hormones are messengers. However, that was the task of the nervous system, right? The difference: the nervous system is for the fast messages (to help you feel and move), the hormones are for the slower messages (to help you grow and change). 

Regulation of reproductive system by hormones

The regulatory system is regulated by hormones. Mostly oesterogen (in females) and testosteron (in men). The release of these hormones is controlled by the pituitary gland. During early pregnancy the women also produce progesteron to prepare for the implantation of the embryo in the mucous membranes.

implantation = innesteling

mucous membranes = baarmoederslijmvlies

This is not discussed in the book, but still very important to know!

GONADS

• Gonad = reproductive gland, which is the gland that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism

Sex hormones

• Hormones that work in the reproductive system are called sex hormones. 
• Some of those are different for males and females
• Production of these leads to the differences between male and female bodies
• This production happens in many stages of life!

GONADS

• The pituitary gland sends hormones to the gonads 
• And then the gonads produce more hormones to get the reproductive processes going

GONADS

Which ones are the male and female gonads?

• Male = testis
• Female = Ovary

THEN WHAT ARE GAMETES?

Gonad = reproductive gland, which is the gland that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism

• Gamete = 'sex cell', the cell that is produced to perform the fertilisation and thus the reproduction
• Male gamete = sperm
• Female gamete = egg (oocyte, ovum)

Put in your wordlist!

• Gonad = reproductive gland, which is the gland that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism
• Activated by the hormones of the pituitary gland
• Male gonad = testes; Female gonad = ovary

• Gamete = 'sex cell', the cell that is produced to perform the fertilisation and thus the reproduction
• Male gamete = sperm; Female gamete = egg (oocyte, ovum)

Difficult question: One of the male secondary sexual characteristics is the development of more muscles. Explain how this can be (mis)used in professional sports in adult men and women.

What do you think would happen if a female person would take male sex hormones for a longer period of time?

Oestrogen is responsible for:

1. primary sexual characteristics in females
2. secondary sexual characteristics in females
3. primary sexual characteristics in males
4. primary sexual characteristics in males

Only males produce testosteron?

1. True
2. False

Which gland regulates the production of oestrogen and testosteron?

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary gland (Hypofyse)
3. Testis (teelballen)
4. Ovaries (eierstokken)

Where is oesterogen mainly produced?

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitarygland/hypofyse
3. Testis (teelballen)
4. Ovaries (eierstokken)

What does testosteron NOT stimulate?

1. Primary seksual characteristics
2. Secundary seksual characteristics
3. Sperm cell production
4. Puberty in boys

The hormone progesterone is secreted during early pregnancy and prepares the uterus for pregnancy

1. True
2. False

Match the glands with their functions!

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovaris and testis

Master gland as it controls several other hormone glands

Regulate the body's metabolic rate

Response to stress

Regulates blood sugar levels

Regulates puberty and produce sex hormones

Drag to check if you understood!

GONAD

GAMETE

Sex cell

Sperm

Egg

Ovary

Gland that produces hormones and gametes

Testis